The Grapes Of Wrath Essays (856 words) - U.S. Route 66, Dust Bowl

The Grapes Of Wrath Essays (856 words) - U.S. Highway 66, Dust Bowl The Grapes of Wrath The Grapes of Wrath is a novel by John Steinbeck that uncovered the frantic conditions under which the transient homestead groups of America during the 1930's live under. The epic recounts one families movement west to California through the extraordinary financial downturn of the 1930's. The Joad family needed to relinquish their home and their jobs. They needed to evacuate and set hapless in light of the fact that tractors were quickly industrializing their homesteads. The bank claimed their land in light of the fact that the proprietors couldn't take care of their credit. The epic shows how the Joad family manages moving to California. How they endure the remorselessness of the land proprietors that exploit them, their neediness and eagerness to work. The Grapes of Wrath joins Steinbeck reverence of the land, his basic scorn of debasement coming about because of realism (cash) and his withstanding confidence in the average citizens to beat the threatening condition. The tale opens with a holding image of nature on frenzy. The novel shows the people that are solid essentially. The topic is one of man sections an antagonistic domain. His body wrecked yet his soul isn't broken. The technique used to build up the subject of the novel is using imagery. There are sevestronger, evacuating the debilitated corn, and the air turned out to be so loaded up with dust that the stars were not noticeable around evening time. (Chp 1) As the part proceeds with a turtle, which shows up and returns a few times from the get-go in the novel, can be believed to represent endurance, a driving life power in all of humanity that can't be beaten essentially or man. The turtle speaks to an expectation that the outing toward the west is survivable by the rancher transients (Joad family). The turtle further speaks to the transients battles against nature/man by conquering each snag he experiences: the red subterranean insect in his way, the truck driver who attempts to run over him, being caught in Tom Joad's coat: And now a light truck drawn nearer, and as it drew close, the driver saw the turtle and turned to hit it. The driver of the truck works for an enormous organization, who attempt to prevent the transients from going west, when the driver endeavors to hit the turtle it is another case of the huge amazing person attempting to smooth or slaughter the little person. Everything the turtle experiences trys its best to stop the turtle from making its westerly excursion. Consistently the turtle progresses on, amusingly toward the southwest, the heading of the mirgration of individuals. The turtle is depicted as being enduring, old, old and shrewd: horny head, yellowed toenails, indestructible high vault of a shell, clever old eyes. (Chp 1)The driver of the truckow is depicted as being relentless and never bowing to the breeze or residue. The Joad family wouldn't like to move, they want to remain on the land they developed up on, much equivalent to the willow does. The willow adds to the topic by demonstrating the reluctance of the individuals to be expelled from their property by the banks. The last speaks to the power making them leave their homes. Both of these images help add to the topic by demonstrating a battle between one another. The tree battles against nature similarly that the Joad family battles against the Bank and huge organizations. The downpours that comes toward the finish of the novel represent a few things. Downpour in which is unnecessary, with a particular goal in mind satisfies a pattern of the dust which is additionally exorbitant. In a manner nature has reestablished a parity what's more, has started another development cycle. This connects to different models of the resurrection thought in the completion, much in the manner in which the Joad family will develop once more. The downpour adds to the topic by demonstrating the pattern of nature that give an end to the novel by indicating that life is a example of birth and demise. The downpour is another case of nature against man, the downpour comes and floods the living quarters of the Joads. The Joads attempt to stop the surge of their home by once more are constrained back

The 12 SAT Grammar Rules You Must Know

The 12 SAT Grammar Rules You Must Know SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The SAT Writing and Language area is contained inquiries that test your insight into sentence structure and composing style. By learning the sentence structure decides that are tried on SAT Writing, you'll be setting yourself up to excel on the Writing area, and you'll be one bit nearer to getting your objective score. In this article, I'll clarify the most significant SAT sentence structure controls and give related models from the official practice tests. Instructions to Use This Guide The SAT Writing and Language segment tests you on a huge number of linguistic principles. In light of the substance of the training tests discharged by the College Board, a significant number of these syntactic guidelines are probably going to be tried on each SAT. In this guide, I’ll give clarifications and guides to the sentence structure decides that are tried frequently on the SAT. Notwithstanding the sentence structure questions, there are additionally composing style addresses that make up a critical part of the SAT Writing and Language segment. You have to get ready for those inquiries, as well. The data in this guide will be incredibly valuable to you, particularly if you’re attempting to get a center score, beginning your SAT Writing considering, or you’re investigating the most significant SAT language rules. On the off chance that your objective score is over a 700 for Writing and Reading, you ought to likewise completely contemplate the principles that are just seldom tried on the SAT. Since this new form ofSAT Writing is fundamentally the same as ACT English, I’m connecting each standard to our comparing ACT English article that gives more clarification of the standard, genuine test models, and related guidelines that will assist you with excelling on the SAT Writing segment. The Grammar Rules You Must Know for SAT Writing Here are the 12 SAT sentence structure decides that you have to learn and comprehend before test day. #1: Select the Correct Word Based on the Context of the Given Sentence Word decision questions are regular on the SAT. A word will be underlined, and dependent on the specific circumstance, you need to choose the best word to finish the sentence. These inquiries can be troublesome in light of the fact that they require information on jargon. There are two regular sorts of word decision questions. Type #1: Homophones Homophones are words that sound the equivalent however have various implications. Here are a few instances of homophones that have showed up on the training SATs: toll/reasonable, refer to/sight/site, at that point/than, there/their/they're, and its/it’s. You should recognize what every one of these words means and how it's utilized. SAT Example The sentence is contrasting the bistro with a reasonable. In view of the specific circumstance, the word â€Å"fair,† which implies a presentation, for the most part with food and diversion, is right. There are different implications of the word â€Å"fare,† yet it frequently alludes to the cash you pay for transportation, as in â€Å"bus fare.† Clearly, the word â€Å"fare† doesn’t bode well in this specific situation, so you can promptly dispense with answer decision C. Next, we have to decide whether we should utilize â€Å"then† or â€Å"than.† You utilize the word â€Å"than† to make correlations and â€Å"then† to allude to time. Since the sentence is contrasting the bistro with a reasonable, the right answer is B. Type #2: Related Words The second kind of word decision blunder includes equivalents or related words. A word will be underlined and the appropriate response decisions will be connected words. Be that as it may, just single word will be right given the setting of the sentence. SAT Example For these sorts of inquiries, I like to rapidly experience every decision to see which one bodes well given the specific circumstance. In light of the setting of this sentence, we’re searching for a word that shows that the authorities gave consent for the feline canvases to be made. The word â€Å"forced† sounds excessively solid in this unique circumstance, and for the most part, you don’t â€Å"license† a composition to be made. The word â€Å"decreed,† which intends to request or order, likewise appears to be too unforgiving given the specific situation. The word â€Å"commissioned† can mean recruiting a craftsman to make a work. It’s the main word that’s commonly utilized with work of art, and it’s the most fitting word for this sentence. The right answer is B. It’s hard to get ready for these inquiries since you don’t know the particular words that will show up on the SAT. In any case, I suggest utilizing the word decision inquiries on the training SATs to enable you to examine. Likewise, attempt to recognize the inconspicuous contrasts in the implications of the words in the appropriate response decisions to help select the best word to finish the sentence. #2: Use the Fewest Words Possible Commonly, the most limited syntactically right answer decision that communicates a similar data as the first sentence will be the correct answer. Shorter sentences are progressively compact and more obvious. On the SAT, words or expressions might be pointlessly added to a sentence. Here’s a model sentence with an excess mistake: Consistently, Jane runs the Los Angeles Marathon every year. In this sentence, the word â€Å"annually† implies that she runs the long distance race each year. Since the sentence begins with â€Å"every year,† the word â€Å"annually† is pointless. It doesn’t add any new data to the sentence, and it ought to be dispensed with. Here’s another case of a longwinded sentence: George is an individual who is furious in nature. This is a rectified form of the sentence: George is a furious individual. The remedied sentence passes on a similar data as the first yet in a significantly more compact way. Justin Jackson/Flickr SAT Example Answer decisions A, B, and C are excess. The expression â€Å"and other countries† as of now suggests that there are different things on the rundown. The right answer is D. #3: Use the Correct Idiomatic Expression Colloquialism questions can be testing since they don't fit in with explicit standards. You need to depend on your insight into explicit expressions and standard English shows to respond to these inquiries accurately. In most colloquialism inquiries on the SAT, you'll be approached to figure out which relational word to use in a given sentence. Look at this model sentence with a prepositional maxim mistake: Mistaken: After getting suspended, Herbert chose to center at improving his conduct. Right: After getting suspended, Herbert chose to concentrate on improving his conduct. There is no standard to figure out how to help recognize this mistake, yet the right articulation is center around. SAT Example The right articulation is â€Å"as a methods of,† and the appropriate response is B. Study the figure of speech inquiries from the training SATs, and survey my article on SAT phrases to set yourself up. Enokson/Flickr #4: Keep Verb Tenses Consistent The general principle in regards to action word consistency is that action words ought to stay predictable in tense or structure all through a sentence. Here’s a case of a consistency mistake: A week ago, Frank leased a vehicle and drives to Las Vegas. The action word â€Å"drives† ought to be in the past tense. Not exclusively ought to â€Å"drives† be predictable with the past tense â€Å"rented,† yet in addition the expression â€Å"Last week† shows this was something that occurred before. This is the amended adaptation of the sentence: A week ago, Frank leased a vehicle and headed to Las Vegas. Additionally, on the SAT, the action word tenses of encompassing sentences can give setting insights for the best possible tense to use in an offered sentence to look after consistency. Here’s another case of a consistency blunder: Trenton lives in a country zone. He appreciated the harmony and calm. The move from the current state â€Å"lives† to the past tense â€Å"enjoyed† doesn’t bode well in setting. Here is a remedied rendition of the sentence: Trenton lives in a rustic zone. He appreciates the harmony and calm. SAT Example In this sentence, the action words â€Å"is† and â€Å"serves† demonstrate that the underlined action word ought to be in the current state. Answer decisions B and D are not current state action words. Answer decision An isn't right in light of the fact that the â€Å"it† is excess. The right answer is C. #5: Surround Non-Restrictive Clauses and Appositives With Commas The SAT tests various comma rules, and these are two that you have to know. Relative Clauses: Restrictive versus Non-Restrictive Relative provisos are needy conditions that depict a thing and start with a relative pronoun or verb modifier like â€Å"who,† â€Å"that,† â€Å"which,† or â€Å"where.† The fundamental principle is that prohibitive statements shouldn’t be encircled by commas and non-prohibitive provisos ought to be. What’s a Restrictive Clause? Prohibitive provisions are important to the significance of the sentence. You can’t remove a prohibitive condition from a sentence without viably changing the significance of the sentence. Here’s a model: Understudies who read routinely are set up for the SAT. In the event that you expel the statement â€Å"who read regularly,† the significance of the sentence would be considerably changed. You’d be left with â€Å"Students are set up for the SAT.† Because you can’t evacuate the proviso without changing the importance of the sentence, this condition shouldn’t be encircled by commas. What’s a Non-Restrictive Clause? A non-prohibitive provision isn't fundamental to the significance of the sentence. In the event that you disposed of the proviso, you'd have less data, however the general significance of the sentence would continue as before. Here's a model sentence with the non-prohibitive proviso underlined. Joe’s guardians, who continually call him, are overprotective. The condition â€Å"who continually call him† includes more data about Joe’s guardians, yet on the off chance that it were evacuated, the significance of the sentence

Feeling Energized

Feeling Energized As the semester begins to wind down, it comes time to turn in projects, do those last minute problem sets, and perhaps design a wind turbine. This was my past week. So since early November, Ive had this design project for one of my classes, 2.005, where we had to design a floating buoy-like structure to support a 700,000 kilo tower and rotor combo. I started working on it Thanksgiving afternoon, and finished it this past Monday morning much to my delight. Originally, I kinda didnt take the design project seriously, and thought that itd be just plugging numbers into an equation, and then typing it out to make it look nice; however, it was far from that. I had to actually practice being an engineer, and needless to sasy the project wasnt all about typesetting some equations in Latex. 20 pages of chicken scratch later and a solid 1.5 weeks spent constantly thinking about the design, I managed to produce my final report where I derived equations about the natural oscillation, center of mass of the frustum, etc. I cant even begin to describe what joy it brought to me to be able to press print and be done with it, but the process from conception to design was one of the best parts. Now one thing MIT is known for is hands-on experience. I think this project is a great example of it. While I actually didnt build the wind turbine, I got a good idea of what it takes to bring engineering concepts to life. I got to revive my 733t programming skills to minimize a cost function of five variables, and also got to see what its like to watch the sun rise while youre still doing work (no all nighter still) While I didnt have the opportunity to build a wind turbine. Next week, Ill have the opportunity to check out the final presentations for 2.009 (Product Engineering Process) where students have designed and built banana harvesters and lentil sorters. Yes, it was in this class that they also built the death ray.

Arranged Marriages Women For Sale - 926 Words

Arranged marriages have been known to happen for several centuries. Arranged marriages are a type of marital union where a third party usually the parents of the pride and groom predetermine their martial agreement at a young age rather than each other select their own spouse. Historically, it was a primary way for a spouse to meet her or his future significant other. The traditional purposes of these types of unions were political, military, and social. They were common among the royalty and nobility around the world. Modern arranged marriages are now linked to religious beliefs or by a cultural nom or financial stability. In this article, I will examine if arranged marriage are still occurring in the modern day and the reasons behind the acceptance of the third party to allow it to happen. Many interviews responded the same way in the article Arranged marriages: women for sale. Many families choose their daughters’ husbands according to wealth, as to converting the woman in to a tradable good.This situation leads to families’ choosing their daughters’ husbands according to the dowry he can offer. Such marriages occur throughout the social spectrum but especially among poorer families, where women are forced into marriages with men of twice their age in order to rescue themselves and their families form extreme poverty. Other justifications for the practice included belonging in a well-known family where it is common for cousins would marry each other to avoid marriageShow MoreRelatedThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1586 Words   |  7 PagesWhat types of marriages are deemed valid/ acceptable in Afghan society? Topic: Gender According to the new data from UNICEF, fifty seven percent of marriages in Afghanistan involve girls that are under sixteen. In Afghanistan, located in the southern Helmand province, as many as 144 forced marriages were reported. In particular, farmers have been forced to abandon their daughters to the creditor as pay off for his debts. After the daughter is sold, she would be forced into marriage with anyone theRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1561 Words   |  7 Pagesseven percent of marriages in Afghanistan involve girls that are under sixteen. In Afghanistan, located in the southern Helmand province, as many as 144 forced marriages were reported. In particular, farmers have been forced to abandon their daughters to the creditor as pay off for his debts. After the daughter is sold, she would be forced into marriage with anyone the creditor chose. This pertained to girls that were six years old or some even younger. These types of marriages were deemed validRead MoreMa rriage Is The Central And Most Important Social Institution1503 Words   |  7 PagesMarriage is a form of union between two people, in which comes with love, respect, responsibilities, mutual conjugal rights, and a family. In many cultures, marriage is the central and most important social institution. In varies in many ways such as rituals, weddings, anniversaries, and as many things in life come to an end, divorce. Across cultures, there will be different forms of marriages, some may be out of societies norms and some can be the right thing to do when it comes to culture. PolygamyRead MoreMarriage Should Be Between Two Individuals That Love And Share A Passion Together912 Words   |  4 PagesMarriage should be between two individuals that love and share a passion together. Arrange marriage, which is the arrangement of a marriage by the parents of the bride and groom. The concept of arranging marriage is called â€Å"Omiai† in Japan and in India they are called â€Å"Love, Marriage.† Arrange marriage is based on the norms of society, have their own views on love, and nations are feeling the repercussion of arranging a marriage in a negative way. Love should be the most important when decided ifRead MoreRole of Women in Maoist China and Nazi Germany1707 Words   |  7 Pages Analyse the role of women in Maoist China and Nazi Germany. â€Å"Chairman Mao is regarded as a sexist for his dalliances with young women in his old age. But on one day in 1949 Chairman Mao and the CPC did more for the liberation of women than perhaps had ever been done before in history.† This signifies the attitude of Mao towards women who benefited hugely under his policy in China after he had gained power. However, Hitler’s approach how to deal with women is contrary and destructiveRead MoreThe Oppression of Women1323 Words   |  5 PagesThe Oppression of Women Imperialism is used to gain authority and control over one state or people in the form of an empire, based on practices of dominance and the idea of superiority. The term can be found in the history of Japan, the Chinese Empire, Greece, ancient Egypt and the British Empire. From 1934 to 1945, Hitler ran Germany by promoting anti-Semitism, Pan-Germanism, and anti-communism to gain the support of the German people. In this time he was the leader of a mass genocide which killedRead More blacks in civil war Essay1355 Words   |  6 Pagespart, marriages were arranged. To couples in arranged marriages, the idea of falling in love and having children was not even considered. Most slave owners agreed that ideally slave unions should be among the slaves on the same plantation and that marriage should be a way of breeding and promoting morality. The master would most often officiate at the wedding. They were then sent off to their quarters for a couple hours alone together. It was not unusual, and indeed expected, for slave women to haveRead MorePolitical, Societal And Economic Factors1350 Words   |  6 Pagescitizens; although many women ran for office, none were elected within the first vote. Men and women both voted for representatives of their residential sectors. â€Å"The municipal council represents local residential sectors to other government bodies (Culture of Qatar).† 7. Are friendships or family important in business? Give examples. The country of Qatar does things a little bit differently than the normal lives of couples in the United States. Most marriages are mainly arranged; where typically theRead MoreThe Parrot And The Mockingbird1402 Words   |  6 Pageswished. Mr. Pontellier had the privilege of quitting their society when they ceased to be entertaining†(Chopin 1). The parrot and the mockingbird symbolize the novel s women as they are caged. In contrast to Là ©once Pontellier who has the freedom to move around. Kate Chopin utilizes the imagery of birds in order to express how women in this case Edna wish to fly over social traditions for an opportunity to be free from all restrictions. Bird imagery is a device that Chopin uses to demonstrate EdnaRead MoreMarriage Pattern of the Gbandi Tribe3370 Words   |  14 Pageswestern marriage. I BENEDICT S. KPEHE belong to this tribe. Here in I will discuss the mate selection and marriage pattern of tribal group in Liberia taking the Gbandi tribe as case study. Marriage,  in the Gbandi tribe and any other tribal group in Liberia is socially  recognized and approved union between individuals, who commit to one another with the expectation of a stable and lasting intimate relationship. It begins with a ceremony known as a wedding, which formally unites the marriage partners

Replacing Textbooks with Tablets - 1024 Words

As more people began to access the Internet through smart phones and tablets rather than laptops and computers, it is not a surprise that they would also want to transform the American education system by bringing tablets into classrooms. In fact, a few schools around the country have already replaced textbooks with tablets and have seen improvements in students’ standardized test scores. Using tablets instead of textbooks is not only convenient and helpful, but it can also reduce the amount of paper wastes in school. However, it is not a good idea to completely transform textbooks with tablets with the current technology, for it can not only be damaging to the environment and costly to set up, but also might not be effective in improving†¦show more content†¦Since â€Å"we are currently spending more than 100 million dollars a year on textbooks,† schools can save a lot of money this way because â€Å"E-textbooks on tablets cost on average 50-60% less than pri nted books†. Moreover, hundreds of e-books can be updated to the latest version with just a few of clicks, while replacing the actual textbooks can be a pain to most of the schools. This way, students can learn from the latest and most accurate version of their textbooks (â€Å"Tablets†). However, the cost of revolutionizing the textbook market can be an even more drain on the economy. Currently, the â€Å"total expenditures for public elementary and secondary schools in the United States amounted to $638 billion... or about $12,743 per public school student (nces). Replacing textbooks with tablets will make these numbers even higher since each tablet is very expensive and has to be replaced periodically as newer technologies come out. They are also costly to maintain and time consuming to fix. The schools will have to set up costly wifi infrastructures to support tablets, and employ technicians to fix these fragile electronics because they are a lot less prone to brea k than textbooks. Considering that many students do not have sufficient home internet bandwidth to use tablets, it can be very hard for them to do? homework and study at home. â€Å"Many families and classrooms will be left behind as tablet technologyShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Textbooks Vs Textbooks967 Words   |  4 PagesTextbooks are going out while tablets are coming in! Textbooks have almost always been used in some form in the classroom. Recently, new technologies have been invading our society, making many things more convenient and changing the way communities do everyday things. Technology has helped the world with communication, transportation, learning, reading, etc. and now it can help students and teachers with education. Teaching and learning can be faster and more convenient for everyone with the helpRead MoreShould Tablets Become The New Primary Way Students Learn?989 Words   |  4 PagesShould Tablets Become the New Primary Way Students learn? With each passing year, school systems strive to become the best/top school in their district by developing new ways to help further educate young minds and improving over all testing scores. To achieve their goals, some schools has cut down on recess and increased class room proactivity. Other schools just simply took out your basic electives such as home EC and work shop and replaced them with more math classes and science class. Then youRead MoreA Modern Alternative to Textbooks Essay914 Words   |  4 Pagesover 7 billion dollars on textbooks a year, and in many cases, those textbooks are out of date(â€Å"The Future of Education: Tablets vs. Textbooks† online). Schools have been using textbooks for as long as anyone can remember. In fact, some textbooks were found from as early as the 16th century(Goslin online). With the many new developments in technology, it’s time for a change. Schools should store away those heavy textbooks and make the switch to electronic tablets. Tablets would have many advantagesRead MoreTablets Can Help Students Improve Their Learning943 Words   |  4 Pagestechnology, schools have considered replacing textbooks with tablets. According to a 2012 report from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), schools spend more than $7 billion dollars on outdated textbooks a year. It has become a major problem. With all the outrageous expenses including paper, printing, and publishing costs that go towards printing textbooks, schools should consider using tablets instead of books for students to use. Therefore, buying tablets would make it more affordable andRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Textbooks In K-12 Schools1216 Words   |  5 Pagessociety, tablets have dominated computers and laptops in the workforce and textbooks in some schools in the United States. As tablets are becoming more prevalent, a debate has been established regarding whether K-12 school districts should switch from print textbooks to digi tal textbooks on tablets in the classroom. In definition, a tablet is a handheld computer, but they are usually much bigger than a cell phone. There are many reasons why school districts may or may not replace digital textbooks or tabletsRead MoreEssay On Tablets1036 Words   |  5 PagesA Sign of the New Age: The Implementation of Tablets in Classrooms In a scenario akin to when the spread of books was first introduced and to when the internet was popularized and replaced our â€Å"traditional† means of media and communication, we are seeing an opposition to a new integration as our changing world progresses. In schools all around America, tablets are being implemented in classrooms to phase out and replace traditional textbooks. As with every new, â€Å"radical† revolution of a symbol ofRead MoreTextbooks Vs Tablets in schools Essay1310 Words   |  6 Pages Textbooks VS Tablets Teachers are always assigning homework in the textbook and of course every student complains. Not only because they have homework, but because they have to lug home multiple textbooks. Many school districts have been trying to find a way to solve this complaint. What school board officials have come up with is replacing the textbooks with notebook computers or tablets. It is the 21st century, there is technology booming everywhere. However, converting the notebook computersRead MoreThe Tablet Based Textbook: An Iceberg Toward Dystopia1597 Words   |  6 PagesThe Tablet Computer: An Iceberg Toward Dystopia The textbook first appeared in the American education system in the late 1600’s in the form of the New England Primer. Dominated with religious content, the New England Primer was used as an introductory tool for reading instruction. As time progressed, more secular messages filled the pages of the book, and this shift in content paved the way for further textbooks, such as Webster’s American Spelling Book, and The McGuffey Reader. These books helpedRead MoreThe Greatest American Company1673 Words   |  7 Pagesof the greatest American companies was created: Apple Incorporated. From that point on, tablets were never the same. Apple has paved the way for tablet devices in the field of technology. Apple is mostly known for their Macintosh computers, which were first unveiled on January 4, 1984, but on April 3, 2010 Apple outdid themselves once again with the the invention of the iPad. The iPad is an all-in-one tablet-like device. With the iPad learning is able to à ¢â‚¬Å"go way beyond the classroom† (www.appleRead MoreHow Technology Can Make A Younger Student995 Words   |  4 Pagesstyles of teaching that arise from the implementation of tablet devices. These are the instrumental teaching style and the opposite innovative teaching style. Educators who follow the instrumental style are â€Å"those who did not change their beliefs about their role after the implementation of the tablet in their classroom and consequently, did not change their teaching style drastically† (7). A teacher who uses tablets as a replacement for textbooks is an example of this. Innovative teachers are â€Å"those

Amerindians of the Caribbean Free Essays

Content Topic†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 History†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Appearance †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3-4 Entertainment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Housing †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5-6 Survival (farming and hunting)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6-8 Religion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Topic: The Arawak of Guyana, their cultures, land use patterns and their effect on the landscape and biota. We will write a custom essay sample on Amerindians of the Caribbean or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction The Arawaks are thought to have settled at Hosororo creek on the Aruka River around 3,500 years ago. They planted manioc (manihot esculenta) which they baked into bread on ceramic griddles on the hilltops. Arawaks occupied the Corentyne River also around 2,000 years ago leaving a unique type of rock engraving, called Timehri Petroglyphs. Due to the amount of rich protein supply found along the coastal swamps, the Arawaks moved hundreds of tons of earth with wooden shovels, in order to build habitation mounds and raised fields for farming. According to Denis Williams this settlement strategy has sustained human population on coastal swamps during the European era and into the present. During the rainy season the Arawaks hunted a lot, when animals were said to migrate from lowlands in search of high ground. Animals commonly hunted were the deer, tapir, labba, wild hog, agouti, birds, parrots and turtles. They were known as food producers, also they are also known for their pottery making skills as they were the first people to bring pottery to Guyana. The Arawaks have made great contributions to Guyana culture, today many places are named by the Arawaks, most of our rivers and creeks are named by the Arawaks. The Arawak nation is deemed the most intelligent of the Amerindian nations. Fig. 1 Map of Guyana showing the location of the Arawaks History The Amerindians is said to be the first inhabitants to Guyana who entered the territory about 11,000 years ago. Amerindians initially lived on low, swampy coastland regions. The coastal plain was built up by alluvial deposits from the rising Atlantic Ocean ranging from 17,000 to 6000 years ago. The Arawak nation is said to be the second nation to arrive in Guyana after the Warraus who came before approximately 84000 years ago. It is said that a number of Arawak tribes have been extinct for several hundreds of years. What could have happened that would bring a population that once numbered 2 to 3 million down to just a few thousand by the early part of the 16th century? Throughout history the Arawak were subject to many hostile take-overs, diseases, enslavement, damage to food supplies and much more. Inevitably, by the end of the 16th century the Island Arawak had become extinct. Sadly, the Arawak Indians have been eliminated or greatly reduced in number in many areas, some of which include the Caribbean, Guadeloupe, West Indies, Barbados, and the Virgin Islands. Their numbers have been slowly rising, so that today upwards of 30, 000 Arawak currently reside in Guyana, with a very small number existing in Suriname and French Guiana. Appearance Because of the broad distribution of the Arawaks, little uniformity can be found in their culture or racial type. It has been found though that the language they speak distinguish them from the rest of the world. The Arawaks were well shaped, slightly built and medium height. It appeared that they were physically weak in comparison with the Africans and Europeans. Their skin was â€Å"olive† which mean smooth and brown. The Arawaks were considered naturally good- looking but distorted their features by artificial means. As babies their heads were flattened at the forehead, this elongated head was considered a mark of beauty. This is thought to have been done to thicken the skull thus it could withstand heavy blows. The Arawaks had broad nose and their nostrils probably flared wide. Their hair was straight and black but coarse and was usually worn long. Figure 2: showing an Arawak family The Arawak men painted their bodies with bright colored dyes with clay and fat mixed all over smearing patterns all over their bodies: â€Å"some of them †¦ with black, others white and others red, most of them on their bodies and some on their faces, and eyes or only the nose†. The favorite paint was Roucou a red dye, besides being colorful, the clay and grease kept insects and rain off. The Arawaks also had body piercings and wore ornaments made from clay, shell and cotton. A plate of gold and copper alloy called the guanin was worn by chiefs who also dressed in gold crowns and feather headdresses. Sometimes the Arawaks had gold in their noses as plugs or hanging ornaments. The Arawaks saw gold as nothing more than a form of decoration. The women wore simple bead aprons and necklaces. A number of small amulets (Fig. ) or charms were carried in sacks around the neck, foot and wrist. Others made from cotton; shell and clay were woven into hair. Figure 3: showing amulets worn or carried by the Arawaks Entertainment The Arawaks had ample leisure time and many festivals marked by the Arawak year, some religious and some not so. For example the naming of a baby was time to rejoicing of the Arawaks that a child without a name will meet with great misfortune. The wedding of a cacique and the inauguration of a new cacique were times of festivity. Arawaks are fond of sports, although not competitive like us. The favorite sport called batos was a ball game with the cross between volleyball and football. The game was played with a hard rubber ball. The main aim of the game was to keep the ball in the air using only the thighs and never touching the hands or feet. The most well-known of the Arawaks’ pleasure was that of smoking. The Arawaks called the tobacco plant cohiba and the pipe for smoking the leaves, tabaco. The Arawaks liked tobacco for peace and contentment, and for helping them to meditate. They made cigars and smoked it in a pipe which they enjoyed very much. Fig. 4: showing Arawak harvesting and smoking tobacco Housing All the Arawaks needed were a shelter to keep off rain. Arawak houses were rectangular with steep thatched roofs. The larger ones had a covered porch before the door. The construction of these houses is rather simple. Wooden posts were put into the ground in a circle and canes were woven between them and tied with creepers. The roof was thatched in a conical shape and a hole was left at the top to allow smoke to escape. There were no windows and only an opening was left for a door and the houses were thoroughly built and could withstand hurricanes. The tasks of building houses were done by the men. Fig. 5: showing the house of an Arawak Survival (farming and hunting) The Arawaks were subsistence farmers, growing food mainly for their own needs and with a little left over for trade. Some crops are shown in fig. . They cut down trees to make room for planting and used the â€Å"slash-and-burn† method of farming. This is a simple method where the land was burnt to clear it of weeds and bush. The ash produced was mixed with fish and urine to produce fertilizer to help prolong the productiveness of the land. Crops were then planted in the ashes among the blackened tree stumps. These primitive farmers did not practice crop rotation, after about five to ten years, the soil would become exhausted, and the village would proceed to clear fresh land, however, slash and burn is no longer used. Instead, shifting cultivation is their new form of farming. Women did the planting and were responsible for the preparation of food. The crop cassava (also known manioc), slips were cut from the stem and planted in mounds on the level earth. Cassava was planted twice a year when the soil was damp. The Arawaks ate a variety of other fruits and vegetables including pineapples, star apples, guavas and cashews. The Arawaks did not touch mammy apples as they believed that it was food for the dead. Arawaks did not rely on field crops for all their food. Due to living on the coast oceans and rivers were rich in foods which needed little effort to gather: shellfish, turtle eggs, snails and gull. Huge piles of shells have been found among the remains of camp sites. Arawaks trapped many small animals including bots, lizards, snakes, iguanas and agouties. The only domestic animal known to Arawaks was a small dog. Fig. 6: Showing some crops grown by Arawak As mentioned, the women were also responsible for all food preparations. The main food of the Arawaks was cassava, which required special preparation since it was poisonous in its natural state. First, the root was grated on a board covered small pebbles or rough coral until it formed a paste. Fig. 4 is an indication of this tool. This was put into a wicker tube, one end of which was hung from a branch, while a weight was attached to the other end. This caused the tube to contract, and forced the poisonous liquid out through the wicker. The remaining paste was left to dry and then pounded into flour using a stone mortar and pestle. The flour was formed into flat cakes and baked on a clay griddle until they were hard and dry. In this way, the cassava flour could keep from an extended period of time. Fig. 7: showing an Arawak grind stone Seasoning played a big part in food preparation. Salt and especially pepper were the common seasonings used. In addition, a sauce called cassareep, which was made of cassava juice, salt and pepper was frequently used, especially when serving the Arawaks’ simplest dish, ‘pepperpot’. Note that both cassareep and pepperpot are widely used throughout Guyana today. Pepperpot was prepared in a large clay pot. Cassava juice, with the poison extracted of course, beans, peanuts, potato and some meat were all allowed to simmer. This pot of soup was used to feed a family about three times a day and as the pot is emptied, more ingredients are added so that one can have pepperpot at any time of the day or night. The Arawaks could also make intoxicating drinks out of cassava and maize such as piwari and cassiri, but drunkenness was uncommon except on some ceremonial occasions. However, smoking tobacco was a big part of the Arawak culture. Religion The Arawaks’ religious believe was called animism and was based on a spirit world, this practice aimed at honoring the spirit god. However Hillhouse claimed that the Arawaks worshipped the universal creator, a supreme being who they called Aluberi. They also believed that the sky was the source of all things powerful and good. Certain men in society were single out to explain the mysterious and control the spirit world. They were called shamans or piaimen and were said to have supernatural powers. Arawaks believe that disease was nothing but the presence of evil spirit. These medicine men had the power possessed to drive out disease. The piaimen were versed in the knowledge of herbs to treat disease. Connected with the belief in evil spirits also was the Kanaima. The Kanaima would track down its victims for years for the sake of revenge. He was thought to be an evil spirit in the form of a man. References Some notes on the Amerindians of Guyana Then and Now. Compiled by Shebana Daniel Uncle Basil: An Arawak Biography. By Justin Greene- Roesel The Prehistoric Arawak of Guyana. By Jennifer Wishart, Walter Roth Museum The Amerindians and the Europeans. By M. N. Menezes http://www. google. ca/imgres? q=Arawaks+of+Guyana//html accessed December 10, 2012 http://www. google. gy/imgres? q=arawak+smoking+tobaccocigarettes. org/history. html accessed December 10, 2012 How to cite Amerindians of the Caribbean, Papers

Australian Taxation Law Foreign Employees

Question: Case study 1: Residence and source Fred, an executive of a British corporation specializing in management consultancy,comes to Australia to set up a branch of his company. Although the length of his stayis not certain, he leases a residence in Melbourne for 12 months. His wife accompanies him on the trip but his teenage sons, having just commenced college, stay in London. Fred rents out the family home. Apart from the absence of his children, Freds daily behavior is relatively similar to his behavior before entering Australia. As well as the rent on the UK property, Fred earns interest from investments he has in France. Because of ill health Fred returns to the UK 11 months after arriving in Australia. Requirement Discuss whether Fred is a resident of Australia for taxation purposes. Case study 2: ordinary income Explanations of the respective outcomes reached by the courts in the following cases which all involving sales of land I. Californian Copper Syndicate Ltd v Harris (Surveyor of Taxes) (1904) 5 TC 159 II. Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FC of T (1950) 81 CLR 188 III. FC of T v Whitfords Beach Pty Ltd (1982) 150 CLR IV. Statham Anor v FC of T 89 ATC 4070 V. Casimaty v FC of T 97 ATC 5135 VI. Moana Sand Pty Ltd v FC of T 88 ATC 4897 VII. Crow v FC of T 88 ATC 4620 VIII. McCurry Anor v FC of T 98 ATC 4487 (16 marks, max. 2000 words). Answer: 1. Tax residency determination is a regular exercise conducted on an annual basis. The basic statute which provides guidance in this regard is the subsection 6(1), ITAA, 1936. However, the various tests are provided by tax ruling TR 98/17. If the given taxpayer is able to comply even with one of the tests, then he/she would be declared as tax resident of Australia for the assessment year (CCH, 2011). The application of this test based on given facts about Fred is shown below. Superannuation Test This test is meant to determine tax residency of those foreign employees which are on government duty (Barkoczy, 2014). Relevancy to Freds case As Fred is not an employee of Australian government, thus no relevance of this test. 183 day test Tax residency conferred when following clauses satisfied (Woellner, 2012). Taxpayer manages to stay for atleast 183 days in Australia in the given assessment year. This may be continuous or intermittent in nature. Taxpayer must intend to make Australia permanent home going ahead. Relevancy to Freds case First condition satisfied since Fred had a stay of 11 months in Australia before returning to England. Second condition not satisfied as Fred continues to consider England as the permanent home and has no intent to make Australia permanent residence at the current time. Domicile Test Tax residency conferred when following clauses satisfied (Gilders et. al., 2013). Taxpayer should have valid and legal domicile of Australia. Taxpayers permanent abode should lie within Australian territory and not outside. Relevancy to Freds case- The first condition itself is not satisfied as no information is given which suggests that Fred has Australian domicile. Reside Test Limited information available from relevant statutes and legislations but application by court and tax authorities indicates at the following factors (Deutsch et. al., 2016). Nature of social relationship especially the similarity of life style in Australia and country of origin Taxpayers purpose to visit Australia A significant purpose like long term employment stretching to several months results in tax residency Relevancy to Freds case- Following points are noteworthy. Fred has shifted with wife and leading a social life similar to back home. The purpose visit to Australia seems significant as it is for long term employment even though the exact period is unknown but he has stayed for 11 months. Hence, in accordance with the reside test, Fred would be considered as Australian tax resident for the given assessment year. 2. Case 1: Californian Copper Syndicate Ltd v Harris (Surveyor of Taxes) (1904) 5 TC 159 Facts Taxpayer owned a land for copper mining but he was not able to operate the mine, because of lack of the financial resource. Thus, the mine land was sold to another company and taxpayer received shares of that particular company. A sizable profit was received by the taxpayer in this transaction (Woellner, 2012). Judgement The received share profit transaction would be termed as assessable income because the intent of the taxpayer was not to start copper mining. This is apparent from the fact that the company exhausted the capital in buying the mine only. The company purchased the land with the motive of earning shares profit from sale of land to other company. Hence, the received share profit would be considered as taxable income (CCH, 2011). Case 2: Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FC of T (1950) 81 CLR 188 Facts The respective taxpayer started coal mining operations on the purchased land which was continued for years. The coal content gradually reduced in the land and when the land was rendered useless for mining, then the taxpayer planned to utilize this land asset. For the fulfilment of this intent, he sold coal deficit land to the land dealers after indulging in some land development steps like road, parks, sizable plots etc. A sizable profit was received by the taxpayer from sale of land (Gilders et. al., 2013). Judgement The tax authority had decided that the sale of the coal deficit land was to utilize the capital asset. There was no intent of the taxpayer to start the land sale business to earn profit. Hence, the activity of sale of the land would be regarded as realisation of the capital asset and thus, it would not contribute to assessable income and subject to only CGT (Deutsch et. al., 2016). Case 3: FC of T v Whitfords Beach Pty Ltd (1982) 150 CLR Facts This case is about a taxpayer, who purchased a land to continue his fishing business in the year 1953. However, after some time the land was sold to land development companies. The companies had produced various plots, road, parks and other facilities in order to maximize the market worth of the land. This business activity was also updated in the article of association. A huge profit was received by selling of the plots (Barkoczy, 2013). Judgement According to the above factors, the court had decided, that the focus of the taxpayer behind the selling of the land was to reap benefits. Also, the new vendors of the land were involved in the land development actions, and also made the necessary changes in the article of association. It would be showed the involvement of the taxpayers in business process. Therefore, the income would be ordinary and taxed under S. 6-5 of ITAA, 1997 (Krever Black, 2007). Case 4: Statham Anor v FC of T 89 ATC 4070 Facts Statham Anor received a deceased farm land, which they used to establish a cattle business in regards to derive income for meeting their living expense. However, this cattle business was unsuccessful. Thus, in order to utilize the farm land and earn money, they planned to liquidate the farm land, which was done after making sub parts. A sizable return was received by the taxpayers from sale of land (Gilders et. al., 2013). Judgement Commissioner had decided that the received return would be assessable income. Statham Anor both were dissatisfied with the decision and made an appeal in the court. Court provided the judgement that the reason behind the sale of land was to utilize the farm land, since their cattle business was failed. Hence, to employ the land in the best possible manner, the sale was operated by the taxpayers. The nature of the sale activity was termed as realisation of the capital asset and accountable as per the provision of capital gains tax (CGT) (CCH, 2011). Case 5: Casimaty v FC of T 97 ATC 5135 Facts In this scenario, the taxpayer was involved in the farming business on the land for many years. The taxpayer had some financial dues, which forced the taxpayer to sell the a large part of farm land. A large divided part of the land was sold at a very high price. This helped the taxpayer to discharge his financial dues. The taxpayer still used a small section of the land for his farming business (Krever Black, 2007). Judgement Commissioner opined that this sale of land is a source of assessable income. Court ruled that the taxpayer still used the remaining section of the land for farming business. Also, in the initial phase, the taxpayer was completely involved in the farming and the sale of the land happened to pay back the financial dues and avoid bankruptcy. Thus, this was a realisation of the capital asset to resolve the financial crisis (Cassidy, 1994). Case 6: Moana Sand Pty Ltd v FC of T 88 ATC 4897 Facts The taxpayer owned a company which was selling the sand after extracting from land. Continuous extraction of sand caused deficit in sand level. Thus, in regards to use the leftover land, taxpayer engaged in plotting of small plots from the respective land and sold them to various plot buyers. This selling activity resulted in huge profit to the taxpayer (Barkoczy, 2014). Judgement The income tax commissioner decided that plotting of the land to make number of plots would be termed as business activity of land development and accountable for tax process as per the ITAA 1997. The derived income was ordinary in nature. The taxpayer did not agree with the judgement and appealed in the court. The court had announced that selling and land development activity were not the main focus of the company. It happened due to the depletion of sand reserves on the land. Thus, the plotting activity amounted to realisation of the capital asset and hence no tax would be levied (Krever Black, 2007). Case 7: Crow v FC of T 88 ATC 4620 Facts The taxpayer had purchased a land at a very less price, and produced fifty one blocks of various sizes. These sub divided plots were sold at a very high price and hence profit to the tune of $388,288 was realised by taxpayer. The concerned taxpayer was already aware about the high returns coming from sale of the block. Hence, he arranged money from various sources to buy the land at the first place. However, in the initial time, he utilized the land for farming but after some time had elapsed, he started selling land to receive profit (Woellner, 2012). Judgement Court had given the judgement that the prime aim of the taxpayer was to derive high profits from sale. Even, he borrowed money in this regard to buy the land. This highlighted the intention of the taxpayer to involve into the land selling business. Thus, the ordinary income derived from land sale would be taxed (CCH, 2011). Case 8: McCurry Anor v FC of T 98 ATC 4487 Facts The taxpayers McCurry Anor constructed three buildings on the purchased land. In order to achieve significant profit, they stared selling them to different buyers, but they failed to sell the buildings at the initial attempt. Therefore, for the time being, they used the building for temporary abode. After a period, all the buildings were sold with high return amount (Deutsch et. al., 2016). Judgement The court had rules that the primary intention of the taxpayers was to be involved in the land development activity to maximize the returns. Hence, in the view of the activity of the taxpayer, the received income would be taxable as ordinary income due to the assessable nature (Krever Black, 2007). References Barkoczy,S 2014, Foundation of Taxation Law 2014,6th eds., CCH Publications, North Ryde CCH 2011, Australian Master Tax Guide 2011, 50th eds., Wolters Kluwer , Sydney Cassidy, J 1994, The Taxation of Isolated Sales under Section 25 (1) ITAA: TR 93/2 v Joint Submission, Revenue Law Journal, Vol.4, No.1, pp. 56-62 Deutsch, R, Freizer, M, Fullerton, I, Hanley, P, Snape, T 2016, Australian tax handbook 9th eds., Thomson Reuters, Pymont Gilders, F, Taylor, J, Walpole, M, Burton, M. Ciro, T 2013, Understanding taxation law 2013, 6th eds., LexisNexis/Butterworths Krever, R Black, C 2007, Australian taxation law cases 2007, 4th eds., Thomson ATP. Pyrmont Woellner, R 2012, Australian taxation law 2012, 6th eds., CCH Australia, North Ryde

Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) and Gulf Oil International (GOI)

Multi National Companies Gulf Oil International (GOI) and Abu Dhabi National Oil Company ((ADNOC) are two well known companies in the global industry of oil and gas. These are major multinational corporations which have specialization in the fields of oil exploration, oil production, oil supportive services, gas processing, oil refining, petrochemicals and other chemicals, refined oil products, maritime transportation as well as distribution of oil products (Hudson 367).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) and Gulf Oil International (GOI) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Gulf Oil International was formed way back in 1901 when oil was being discovered in quite a number of regions for instance at the Texas spindle top (Hudson 367). As it stands now, Gulf Oil International (GOI) is a well established oil and gas marketing company operating in many countries across the world. The co mpany has built its brand in the oil market as a leading dealer in oil and gas related products. Research has shown that the Gulf Oil International is envisioned with a sole mission of improving its oil brand and service delivery to all of its major markets across the world in a bid to have a sizeable share of the oil market (Bednar and lynn 59). However, it is imperative to note that there has been tough competition in the oil and gas industry and subsequently, this has led to stiff competition. On the other hand, it is worth noting that the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) was started in 1971 with a prime objective of nourishing itself in the gas and oil areas of the United Arab Emirates (Hudson 366). Policy formulation, implementation as well as general overseeing of the Abu Dhabi oil companies are done by the leader who is in charge of Abu Dhabi. In addition, other key regulators of the oil and gas industry in United Arab Emirates include the Supreme Petroleum Council (SPC ) and the UAE president (Hudson 367). In order to saturate the vast UAE region with its products, ADNOC has established numerous subsidiary companies which operate under its umbrella from different destinations. These subsidiary companies include the Al Hosn Gas, Elixier , ADNOC Distribution, ADNATCO-NGSCO, BOROUGE, FERTIL, FERTIL, ESNAAD, IRSHAD, TAKREER, NDC, TAKREER, NDC, ADMA-OPCO, GASCO as well as ADCO (Maloney 129). This paper is a detailed research finding done on industrial employment relations of the two aforementioned companies. It analyzes and makes a comparative study of the employee treatment in these two corporations namely the Gulf oil international and the Abu Dhabi National Oil Companies in relation to governments’ policies and rules in the United Arab Emirates.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kay (137) describes industrial relations as a broad field that studies the relationships between employers and employees in myriads of ways. In addition, industrial relations can also be termed as employment relations since it keenly deals with employment. This field deals with three aspects of employment contracts. These are ethics, solving problems in addition to social health. It seeks to improve the employment relationship between or among the concerned parties. Moreover, it instills policies and strategies to ensure high quality normative principles in the industrial and corporate sector (Seznec 100). Different organizations have different and diverse working arrangements that shape their employment relationship such as from structural attributes to employee communicating mechanisms at the work place. On the same note, formulation and implementation of company and national policies in regards to various places of work against the safety of employees also form integral part industrial relations. Mohammed and Ingo outline that employmen t relationships are greatly affected by employees’ nationalities (36). They point out that in most cases; foreign employees are not treated well as it is the case is with domestic employees (Mohammed and Ingo 364). Studies reveal that in certain nations, foreign workers are treated as lower citizens by the respective governments. They are forced to work without forming or joining unions that can champion for their rights. As a result, they are directly denied many civil liberties. Different multinational and local corporations have various ways and means of treating their workers. Bryant and Trevor posit that in the United Arab Emirates, there are several organizations which are characterized by employee discrimination (450). The authors are quite categorical that some workers who have foreign origins tend to suffer from abused terms of tenure while others are tormented by poor remuneration despite the fact that they work with successful companies (Bryant and Trevor 451). Eve ry government has a role of ensuring that there are good employment terms for all employees who work in any nation. The respective governments of countries which have full mandate on the labor force are supposed to cooperate to ensure that there are peaceful industrial relations among foreign employees (Bryant and Trevor 470).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) and Gulf Oil International (GOI) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As Bryant and Trevor point out, a government should make regulations that are realistic, monitor and enforce policies to propel ethical and universally acceptable relations between all employers and employees (449). In terms of employee treatment at Gulf Oil International (GOI), Amatucci and Grant explain that multinational companies need to ensure that they put undivided efforts in ensuring that employees from other countries are not discriminated (100). Research has shown that governments of UAE have embarked on ensuring that there are favorable job terms for all people from other countries as their numbers have continued to extrapolate (Amatucci and Grant 100). It is worth noting that so far, there have been no reported cases of abuse among laborers especially those who have foreign origin. The management team at GOI has been keen in treating all its employees equally. The company strives to keep all promises made to workers. In addition, they have established a chamber for all international workers to champion for their rights. This international union of gulf employees has the autonomy of operations and creates annual forums for employees to air their grievances to the company (Amatucci and Grant 100). Moreover, the leading oil and gas company revises the employment terms of tenure upon an application done by an employee through respective regional offices. All employees of GOI enjoy permanency of employment and are entitled to reviews of salary which are done at different times in different regions where the company operates. The company has been lauded for understanding the demerits of a high employee turnover. Therefore, it has embarked in the process of offers its employees training and a chance to improve their skills (Abdalla 875). This multinational company has an integrated health insurance scheme for all its employees. This covers both domestic workers and employees from other countries. The scheme caters for employees in all levels of the organization namely the managerial, technical, consultancy, low income earners and part timers.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In general, just like one of the managers explained, GOI values all its employees and all the traces of foreign worker poor relations are being eliminated through the use of special committees. Seznec points out that if multinationals have to achieve success within and outside the United Arab Emirates, then they have to treat their invaluable foreign labor force with extreme professionalism (105). In Abu Dhabi National oil company (ADNOC), it was found out that the company has a department of employee welfare. This wing of the company is a special tool for ensuring that all the employees can communicate easily and comfortably with their employer in all matters regarding the state of their employment. Throughout the United Arab Emirates, the company has employee welfare units which are controlled by the subsidiary companies. All employees in this company enjoy quite a number of liberties regardless of their countries of origin. They have an opportunity to get credit services from any financial institution which recognizes their employer. The company makes arrangements and pays the employees loans as it remits their salaries into their respective bank accounts. This research has revealed that Abu Dhabi Oil Company has an office that oversees the movement of all its workers who come from foreign countries. This office organizes and necessitates the flexibility of employee travel arrangements like flights in and out of the United Arab Emirates. This is achieved by the issue of special identification which is recognized by all relevant government authorities. As Abdalla (876) pointed out, every commercial company has a prime role of ensuring that its employees are catered for in the health system, Abu Dhabi has a nationwide insurance scheme that covers the health risks of all its employees. This health insurance plan has two broad branches namely the domestic policy for all people with an Arab origin and secondly, the international policy which caters for the worke rs from other nations and regions. The terms of tenure in Abu Dhabi are clearly outlined in the company’s policies for employees regardless of where they come from. All engineers, chief executive officers, managers and company consultants have permanent jobs and enjoy retirement benefits. The company has a good and standardized remuneration scheme which functions according to the legislations of the United Arab Emirates territory. In comparison, Bednar and Lynn depict that both the Gulf Oil International and the Abu Dhabi National Oil companies have put in place provisions to ensure that their employees are comfortable during their employment tenure (59). These companies are sensitive to the issue of immigrant employee discrimination. Although studies prove that some nations treat foreign workers as second class citizens, these two companies have established special mechanisms to detect and eliminate employee discrimination (Seznec 105). The employees of GOI and ADNOC are tre ated with respect since the companies have an understanding of the fact that human resource is the most unique and important of the six major elements of a production system (Raven 134). These companies provided worker welfare programs. These includes arrangement of travel for foreign employees, setting of accommodation destinations, tracking the health conditions of all employees and have departments which ensure that employees operate in clean and safe conditions. On a modern technological note, Gulf Oil International and the Abu Dhabi National Oil Companies have online quality assessment which involves the participation of all employees. This site is attached to the respective websites of the organizations and enables employees to make input in the area of industrial relations. It is a lee way for employees from all levels of employment to directly communicate to the executive boards. It is a government requirement that human civil rights and liberties should be respected irrespe ctive of the location of an individual (Seznec 105). The international community has instructed that all companies operating in different parts of the world should treat all employees in the most acceptable way (Seznec 105). Gulf Oil International and the Abu Dhabi National Oil companies are both lenient and portray optimal flexibility when dealing with immigrant employees. In terms of the roles governments play in setting ethical policies and rules, Seznec (105) points out that all forms of corrupt practices hikes the overall cost of production and leads to wastage of too much time as companies and government officials make efforts to normalize situations. All governments have a duty of setting procedures that promote the respect of the rule of law all over the world (Maloney 129). They should set well established bodies for ensuring efficiency and integrity in organizations. The United Arab Emirates community upholds the respect of employment terms and calls for competitive wages for all its workers. Governments also have a duty of encouraging all civil servants and citizens at large to participate in the fight against corrupt actions in the corporate world. The governments in the United Arab Emirates have established authorities which have oversight duties of monitoring all forms of policy breaches and proposing appellate solutions to problems in its economy (Seznec 98). These authorities have been protecting foreign workers from any form of mistreatment. In monitoring and enforcing policies and ethical regulations in UAE, governments have committees and special officers who enforce ethical standards and embody a sense of national trusteeship in the industrial society. They have a duty of receiving and analyzing all complaints from the members of the public in order to be able to assist them accordingly. The international community stipulates that governments should work directly in the business world in order to make it possible for it to smoothly monitor the enforcement of employment ethical policies and regulations (Kay 137). A government is supposed to be the demonstrator of the standard code of ethics that should be upheld in all industries. The government therefore should take all initial actions of protecting all employees from the policies and terms set by their employers. In order to enforce order and morality at work places, governments should influence enterprises without allowing them to influence them backwards. Abdalla identified the fact that some large organizations manage to manipulate the functioning of government (877). This happens in cases where there are biased civil officials who seek their own financial gains at the expense of the nation. Some offices give licenses which benefit some organizations over others. It is a government duty to identify and get rid of such flawed ways of doing work. In pointing out distinguishing and common characteristics and practices, it was found out that in Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC), there are several attributes and practices that make the big brand which has been achieved by the Abu Dhabi Oil Company. The company has undivided focus on being a leading service and goods provider in the oil and gas industry. This company has an aim of stimulating economic growth. This is being pursued through the pioneering of educational and research instructions in different parts of the region it operates. The company has established numerous institutions across the United Arab Emirates (Hudson 368). The company is also known for a culture of doing operations in a standard order which outsmarts other competing companies. They use a management style which has reengineered hard work across all subsidiary companies in the Middle East (Bednar and Lynn 59). In Gulf Oil International (GOI), Maloney (129) elaborates that Gulf oil international has fostered success and exemplary stability in the global oil and gas industry due to several factors. He points out that th e culture of displaying international business agility by the organization has a great influence of the excellence and success it has so far recorded (Maloney 129). The organization is well endorsed with the top and famous engineers and professors of the industrial exploration, harvesting, production of oil, gas and other petroleum products. On top of all these, Gulf oil international has portrayed efficient use of modern information technology in all the nations they inhabit. The company has bought Maloney’s (129) idea that information is the key to commercial success in today’s digital age. These two companies have several common characteristics and practices In adherence to the international labor laws, both the Gulf Oil International and the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company have put in place policies to cater for the welfare of their employees. Studies prove that international employers in UAE have become more sensitive to the demands of their migrant workers (Malone y 129). The two companies have periodical revisions and reviews of their employee’s salaries. They cater for the primary employment needs of each and every individual foreign worker (Maloney 129). The Gulf Oil International has constructed special residential places for its employees while Abu Dhabi on the other hand has agents which arrange for the accommodation of its workers. Both Gulf Oil International Company and the Abu Dhabi National Oil company have prioritized the wellbeing of all employees they work with. They have a chief goal of keeping their workforce mentally, physically and psychologically fit in order to obtain optimum services from them. These multinationals have intentionally set forums for workers to bring out their compliments, complaints and recommendations. An open and healthy relationship between employer and employee is the fuel needed for the efficiency and profitability of a company to be profitable (Mohammed and Ingo 364). These oil and gas companie s have a lot of foreign workers. They have developed a culture of executing random investigations and evaluations to gauge the state of how different offices treat all employees. All the claims of exploitation and discrimination are abruptly done away with through professional resolution of all misunderstandings at the work place. In conclusion, this theoretical research study brings out a clear picture on how GOI and ADNOC operate as multi nationals in the oil and gas industry. It is quite evident that these two companies have done relatively well as far as immigrant employee treatment is concerned. They have incorporated the governments’ specified standards of industrial employment relations. This has been a key factor for the success they have attained. Works Cited Abdalla, Kathleen. â€Å"The changing structure of the international oil industry: Implications for OPEC.† Energy Policy 23.10 (1995): 871-877. Print. Amatucci, Frances and John, Grant. â€Å"Eight strat egic decisions that weakened Gulf Oil.† Long Range Planning 26.1 (1993): 98-110. Print. Bednar, Deborah and Godkin, Lynn. â€Å"An Exploratory, Longitudinal Study of Factors Influencing Development of a Networked Company.† Information Resources  Management Journal 22.3 (2009): 40-63. Print. Bryant, Murray and Hunter, Trevor. â€Å"BP and public issues (mis)management.† Ivey Business Journal Online (2010): 400-467. Print. Kay, Gilbert. â€Å"Promises and practices: job evaluation and equal pay forty years on!† Industrial Relations Journal 43.2 (2012): 137- 151. Print. Hudson, Michael. â€Å"The Middle East in Flux.† Current History 110.740 (2011): 364- 369. Print. Raven, John. â€Å"Emiratizing the education sector in the UAE: contextualization and challenges.† Education, Business and Society: Contemporary Middle Eastern  Issues 4.2 (2011): 134-149. Print. Maloney, Suzanne. â€Å"The Gulf’s Renewed Oil Wealth: Getting it Right This Time?† Survival 50.6 (2008): 129-145. Print. Mohammed, Al-Waqfi and Forstenlechner, Ingo. â€Å"Stereotyping of citizens in an expatriate-dominated labour market :Implications for workforce localisation policy. † Employee Relations 32.4 (2010): 360-381. Print. Seznec, Jean. â€Å"The gulf sovereign wealth funds: myths and reality.† Middle East Policy 15.2 (2008): 97-110. Print. This essay on Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) and Gulf Oil International (GOI) was written and submitted by user Aaden Dillard to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Start your website in 3 steps

Start your website in 3 steps How to Start your Website from Scratch Introducing: a step-by-step guide on how to make a website from the ground up without a degree in programming or any knowledge of coding and design. Tune in! Get a domain name for your website First thing first, you need to come up with a name for your site that won’t be too tricky to find for your target audience. Usually, the cost for domain names starts from $10 and gets as high as $35 if you buy them at a certified registrar. Once you pay for it, you get the right to own your name for a year, and if you want to secure your ownership for the next years to come, you pay the same fee per annum. But if this sounds crazy to you, there’s also an option to get your domain name for free. When it comes to making up a good name, most of them can be already taken, especially in the product industry. So if you really want to be allocated a particular name, but it’s already reserved, try to add â€Å"-† or digits to it and see if it is available. Choose a web host Selecting a web host is basically like renting an office for business but on the Internet; it’s a platform that connects you to other computers on the Internet and lets them find you. Before you invest your money in the host, consider which one will fit your needs the best, a free web host, or a commercial one; they generally differ but have similar overlaps. Let’s take a closer look at both options. A free web host is unmistakably the best solution for those who are on the budget and looking for cheaper deals. However, there’s a price you pay for getting your host for free. Pros: FREE Cons: Impose advertising Limited web space Single site builder option File type size limitations Questionable reliability and speed Limited data transfer Here’s what’s the deal with commercial web hosts - they are far more reliable, but they also can be surprisingly tricky to work with. Pros: Reliable Fast Near-Unlimited Bandwidth More Web Space Technical Support Support for Various Scripts SSL Option Cons: Hefty price tag Create Design After you’ve saddled your website with a domain name and host provider, your next step, not as unimportant, is to make a smashing design, or at least the one that your clients will be pleased with. The easiest way to complete this step would be to hire a decent web designer, but if it’s not what you can afford, then keep on reading! As a beginner, you just need to get something out onto your page to at least frame your website. Later, you can fine-tune your design or redo the whole thing for the sake of your clients. To start making your custom design, you can choose one of the WYSIWYG ("What You See Is What You Get") web editors. The range is huge; ones are great if you are using Windows PC, others have a better view of mobile design and guide you through this process. Conclusion Cost-wise starting up a website isn’t such an expensive thing until you know how to arrange a good deal. While the research will still take much of your time - the actual amount of time you’ll spend setting up your website can be less than 1 hour!

The 'colored revolutions' of Eastern Europe and their success factors Essay

The 'colored revolutions' of Eastern Europe and their success factors - Essay Example The egalitarian revolutions of 1989 in Central and Eastern Europe have been labeled as the conclusion of the "third wave" of worldwide democratization that instigated in Spain and Portugal in the mid-1970s. It is certainly alluring to see the breakdown of the Soviet territory as segment of a universal disintegration of autocracies. This opinion surely prejudiced how the democratic changeover in Eastern and Central Europe has been observed in the West (as the "end of history") as well as by some of its characters. Ten years after, nonetheless, even with widespread Western exertions at democracy advancement, the democratic current has rather withdrawn, leaving a depiction of accomplishments in Central Europe (along with in Latin America and fragments of Asia) counterbalance by hindrances in the earlier Soviet Union and the Balkans (but similarly in China and most of Africa) (Jacques, 2000). Body The examination of the consequences of domestic changes for the local system of international dealings should take place from the implication of the main factors and procedures, which formed the post-soviet space design in the last decade. The first amongst these is the procedure of state and nation-structuring in the Afresh Independent States. Fresh political leaders in the previous Soviet states had a particular image of their state-projects which, as a law, protected Euro-Atlantic ambitions and, in reality, detached relations with Russia as well collaboration in the post-Soviet region from the list of primacies in their foreign policy schedules. Secondly, these objectives, along with the fluctuations in Europe and its boundary, stemmed in the participation of outside troupes in the post-soviet district - US, EU, NATO, and the Western European countries, and, some local actors, i.e. Poland, Turkey, China, , etc. The third actor in the post-Soviet district was Russia, which was sign ificantly annoyed by the appearance by the above-mentioned influences in its Immediate Abroad, as Moscow had its own fairly dissimilar vision for the expansion of this region (Samokhvalov, 2005). Examination of the second upsurge of democratic evolution in Eastern and Central Europe’s â€Å"color revolutions† has inclined to emphasize on fundamental variables such as district dispersion, leadership policy, and popular demonstration. However it may be imprecise to label the post-communist dictatorial throughputs the area has seen as part of a â€Å"surge†; elongated-term variables such as state and event capability and the power of a country’s association to the West may apprehended shed light on why certain nations have observed such revolutions whereas others have not (Way, 2008). The discussion on the color revolutions is mainly about the comparative significance credited to dispersion versus certain main operational factors. Amongst these features is t he amount and influence of Western force, which fluctuates subject to the degree of connection to Western Europe as well as the United States. In the stumpy-association previous Soviet states, domestic powers—particularly, the strong suit of the mandatory state and political party—

Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Disease - Essay Example The primary meaning is that these are representative of continually surfacing contagions reacting to speedy changes in the association between host and the pathogens. Current literature has identified that there are almost 1, 400 species of human pathogens. Almost 60 percent of these pathogens are zoonotic. This implies that almost 60 percent of the pathogens are infections that are transmitted between humans and vertebrates. In reference to Woolhouse et al (2012), emerging and re-emerging pathogens are most probable to be zoonotic. Viruses form a majority of this group. In addition, viruses with RNA sequences constitutes a third of all emerging and re-emerging contagions. Emergent pathogens are characteristically those with a wide host variety ranging across numerous mammalian animals. In the contemporary world, in spite of the exceptional progresses towards development of steps to counter the development of the infectious illnesses, the increased global mutuality, increased world t ravel and climate change have contributed deposits of complication to controlling and containing these contagious diseases that not only have an impact on an individual’s health but also a nation’s economy. ... Remarkably, most of the illnesses originate from animals such as rodents and bats, as shown by the presence of Nipah virus encephalitis, lassa fever and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (Howard & Fletcher, 2012). Current interest in emerging contagions has centered on three primary fields. First, it has centered on how the interaction of the environment, human societal pressures and climate can cause unanticipated outbursts of emergent illnesses. Second, it has centered on the apprehension on how viruses can be transmitted from a reservoir to a host, and thirdly on recognizing the elements of the illness process that present opportunities for treatment and prevention. Drivers of Emerging Viral Diseases in Humans i. Animals that act as reservoirs of Human diseases Many emerging illnesses arise when transferable agents in animals are passed to people. The advent of agriculture 10, 000 years ago was one of the primary factors that contributed to the rise of majority of the infections in th e present world. Agricultural activities drove people near wild animals and livestock. Notably, people put establishments in these regions (Lashley $ Durham, 2007). This offered a fertile ground for the transmission of infections from the animals to humans. Among the mammalian species, members that make up Muridae family have been the natural hosts of Hantaviruses and arenaviruses. The mamals reproduce faster and increase the population’s exposure and risk to the pathogens. Additionally, domestic livestock have also contributed to the spread and emergence of virus infections. For instance, pigs have been associated with numerous outbursts of emerging infections. A total number of 265 cases of viral infections

The Sociology of Mental Illness

The Sociology of Mental Illness Within this report I aim to outline the biomedical model, investigating whether it can be used to assess mental illness. I will compare both social realism and social constructionism with regards to mental illness and assess the role of the psychiatric profession from the viewpoint of functionalist theory. Firstly, the biomedical model is the scientific diagnosis of a condition which is reached by quantitative and qualitative measures, often disregarding psychological and sociological factors. That being said, can the biomedical model of health really measure a persons mental health? Many mental health issues often have un measurable (scientifically) factors and symptoms, often having blurred lines between a common set of factors; making it hard to distinguish between a select group of illness.   In 1952 the American psychiatric association published the D.S.M. (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) which clearly outlined the symptoms and effects of a range of mental illness. Since its first publication, the D.S.M. has grown from featuring 22 mental disorders, to overviewing over 297 diagnosable issues. While there are no standardized medical laboratory tests to diagnose mental health issues (bar those classed as organic AND functional mental illness, which derive from brain impairment such as Alzheimers etc.), these will come into play during diagnosis to ensure there is no other causation for the patients symptoms. In theory these investigative measures can be argued to be the biomedical involvement for the diagnosis (in respect to solely functional mental illness such as depression etc.). The key players now would be the psychologist, psychiatrist and trained mental health professionals who are medically equipped to diagnose such issues. While the biomedical approach focuses itself on science and the causations being objective and measurable, the theory of lay opinion coverts the ideology of social construction, economical factors and social conformity. Lay opinion focuses on behavioural patterns and socio-economical input upon a persons life, and the subsequent impact these have upon their mental state. This theoretical approach can be seen as highly influential when determining a service users mental state, the practitioners diagnosis being based upon observations of an individuals behavioural characteristics which correlate to the D.S.M and I.C.D. (international classification of diseases). Again, despite the highly theoretical methodology which leads to diagnosis, within these methods we see standardized tests and assessments, which can in fact be construed as scientific as they set about to differentiate between normal and abnormal using a standardized set of questions and observational directives. There are arguments from either side as to the theoretical basis of psychiatry, on one hand Thomas Szasz famously quoted Its not science. Its politics and economics. Thats what psychiatry is: politics and economics. Behavior control, it is not science, it is not medicineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (cchrint.org, 2017) Szasz believed that the practice of psychiatry was wholly influenced by the state, creating a mass of quacks diagnosing with free reign. He argued that there were two radically different kinds of psychiatric practices, consensual and coerced, voluntarily sought and forcibly imposed. (Szasz.com, 2007) his concept was that psychiatry based itself upon the principle of interpretation and social conformity or a service users behaviour. As mentioned before questions of coercion and imposition upon a patient undergoing assessment take the forefront in Szasz arguments, giving his ideals a typically Marxist approach. More recently the newest edition of the D.S.M. came under fire from the ps ychiatric community with a number of high-profile articles by Professor Allen Francesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. (that) highlighted changes to the manual that he argued were examples of over-medicalisation of mental health. These changes included: Aspergers syndrome, Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, Mild cognitive disorder, Generalised anxiety disorder and Major depressive disorder (NHS, 2013). While all arguments for the objective and subjective thesis of psychiatry have their merits, it can be argued that psychiatry as a whole can ONLY be deemed subjective as it uses no scientific model of approach to diagnosis, merely perception, opinion and guidance from the D.S.M and I.C.D. to decipher traits and categorize symptoms. The social realism perspective defines mental illness and the diagnosis of, as having a defined set of abnormal behavioural patterns which can be definitively seen across cultures and societies. Realists argue that despite the fact some illnesses are not recognized or share a common name, the symptoms and actual condition are very much real and observable. That being said, on the other hand we have the perspective of social construction, where by its theorists argue that mental illness is determined by social norms and values. For instance, the mental impairment of post-natal depression. Social realists would argue that the definitive set of symptoms being displayed by the suffering party, would be enough to determine effect. Constructionists however would argue that the individual could be presenting these symptoms due to their social environment and ideologies of social norms. Due to the nature of the illness, and its unpredictable effect on the individual either of these theories could be applied. Because of the set of diagnosable characteristics and cross society definition, realists could argue that despite its irregularity surrounding time frame, its cause and eventual effect can be clearly categorised without outside input. That being said, constructionists can argue that the illness is purely defined by social perception of norms. As the illness can take shape both instantaneously and over a prolonged period of time, the cause and effect could actually be influenced by sociological and environmental issues experienced by the individual, causing stress and ultimately the effects and symptoms of post-natal depression to take hold. The functionalist view of the psychiatric role is one of great social standing and status within the community and society as a whole. Due to their organizational position and social hierarchy, they, as a medical professional, hold great stature and ranking within the framework of functionalist society. Because functionalism bases itself on the premise that each key part (the church, institutions, the family) work together to keep society running smoothly, deriving its ideologies from social consensus; it is their view that the role of the psychiatrist is primarily motivated by the desire to heal the sick (Moore et al, 2010) Because functionalism focuses on categorising mental and physical illness as social deviances due to the upset of balance and roles, they put great importance on the timely rehabilitation and re conformation of individuals. They view the rehabilitation of individuals as necessary coercion so as not to upset social structure. As psychiatrists hold the key to diagnosis of mental health and subsequent re conformity of an individual to social norms, a great precedence is put upon their work. References   Ã‚   Jeffrey A. Schaler, Ph.D defining psychiatry, [2007] available at: http://www.szasz.com/freeman21.html accessed 20/1/17 Moore, S. et al sociology AS for OCR chapter 5 sociology of health page 172, Collins, London, [2010] NHS Choices news analysis: controversial mental health guide DSM-5, [2013] available at: http://www.nhs.uk/news/2013/08August/Pages/controversy-mental-health-diagnosis-and-treatment-dsm5.aspx accessed 20/1/17 Professor Thomas Szasz Psychiatry as a Human Rights Abuse, [2017]   avaliable at: https://www.cchrint.org/about-us/co-founder-dr-thomas-szasz/quotes-on-psychiatry-as-a-human-rights-abuse/ accessed 20/1/17

Future of Nursing Essay

The career of nursing (Registered Nurse, Licensed Vocational Nurse, and advanced practice nurse) has more than three million working affiliates. Nurses are the predominant portion of the healthcare personnel. There are multiple barriers that stand in the way of nurses’ being able to react quickly to the ever-evolving health care field and changing health care organizations. In 2008, The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) and the IOM (Institute of Medicine) started a group process that took two years to look at these needs, looking to evaluate and modify the nursing occupation. The findings show that 1 ) nurses- need to perform to the all-inclusive expanse of their schooling and achievements. 2) nurses- need to commit to reach the most prestigious levels of education and training through a refined educational network that advocates consistent advancement through academia. 3 ) nurses- need to endeavor to be fully engaged with physicians and other health care experts, in moder nizing/rejuvenating the health care organization in the United States. 4) Efficient labor pool planning and strategy making needs better collection of data and framework of information. Nursing students should have on their school curriculum that teaches them the capabilities that are compulsory for uninterrupted furtherance of the characteristics and safety of the systems that make up a health care organization, patient-oriented care, partnership and coordination with other agencies (Berwick, Cronenwett, Tanner 2011). The student nurses’ need expert skill to grasp and knowledge and understanding of human anatomy and physiology, psychology, and a working comprehension in clinical, social, and behavioral sciences (Berwick 2011). They need working  skills and methods in order to be competent in leadership and management roles. (Berwick 2011). Student nurses will need capabilities in the new patient care conveyance framework that is on the horizon. Need a working knowledge in community health/illness and community based patient care. (Tanner 2011). They will need to know how to distribute patient care with other patient care modalities for appropriate patient care (Tilden 2011). The future nurse will need to have skills based on unchanging science prerequisite courses (Dracup, Tanner 2011). Health care policy knowledge, skills, and beliefs will need to be taught (Tilden 2011). Abilities related to unfolding health care needs will need to be fostered. For example: the elderly population (Tanne r 2011). They will need to accept technology-immersed education, multifaceted approach to patient care. Universities and colleges will need to come up with a plan that will make sure that the number and the equal allocation of new Registered Nurses who have graduated from their institutions with a baccalaureate degree or higher in nursing should be greatly increased (Aiken, Cronenwett 2011). Society should embrace community colleges/ universities that have affiliations, they may increase AND graduates that would complete a BSN degree if given encouragement, and could get it completed within a certain timeframe. (Dracup, Tanner 2011). The post-graduate residency programs will need to develop and test clinical education models that would include post-graduate intern and residency programs in appropriate facilities. (Tanner 2011). What the faculty members of the future need to be on the look-out 1) look for a person that has the bedrock for a nomination and appointment to faculty and promotion, including recognition of practice-based accomplishments, including working toward bettering healthcare (Berwick, Dracup, Cronenwett 2011). This person, who can, during their working life, move easily between practice (patient care), and academia (Gilliss 2011). The person, who within a short time span, has obtained a BSN, then a Doctoral degree (Aiken, Dracup 2011). The person must maintain professional certification and/or clinical proficiency (Gilliss 2011). This person builds working relationships with teachers and staff in other occupations. (medicine, engineering, business, public health, and  law). (Gilliss 2011). The person must take time to advance his/her education using two or more professions and foster cooperative practice furnishing patient-centered care (Dracup, Tilden 2011). Society needs to make sure that the universities produce a commensurate number of nurse practitioners (NP’s) for primary care roles at a time when access to health care will most likely increase the general public’s need for primary care providers (Cronenwett, Gilliss 2011). Universities will need to change their course of study in nursing education that has come about secondary to the advances made in nursing science and practice. These changes are guided by breakthroughs made in science (Tanner 2011). Universities will need to continue to state specialist preparation is needed for Master’s program level, and advance Post-Masters DNP education. At this time, requirements for Nurse Scientists interested in translational research needs to be clarified- will a DNP and a PhD both be needed in order to be able to follow through and become a researcher? The older population age averages, those who have chronic illnesses, added to the fast-moving science and technology fields, plus the blurred lines between medicine and nursing, creates a level of unpredictability to the health care scene. It is reasonable to expect a more educated health care team to care for these patients. Research has shown that hospitals that have a larger proportion of BSN bedside nurses, have a lower patient mortality/death (JAMA 1999). There is some research evidence that has shown BSN nurses are more cost-effective. Evidence is encour aging in showing that a more highly balanced BSN labor pool might allow for a smaller staff without negatively affecting patient end results. In the ambulatory out-patient care clinic setting, there is strong research-based evidence that shows that nurses with advanced degrees, usually a masters, can provide patient care with patient conclusions that are comparable to that of a Medical Doctors in some areas, like that of pain control and patient satisfaction. The cost for care is lower, also. Griffiths 2010)(Horrocks 2002). The evidence shows that the increased number of advanced degree  nurses practicing has improved admittance to general patient care. (Aiken 2009). Advanced nurses staff ambulatory care clinics and see approximately three million patients a year. Nurse Practitioners also staff Community Health Centers. The Role of Nursing Organizations to Nurse Leaders: The American Organization of Nurse Executives (AONE), states that the BSN is the minimal degree for nurses in leadership roles. Nurse leaders in a supervisory leadership role should seek education at a doctoral level. The IOM recommends lifelong learning for nurses. Nurse leaders need to help and assist as needed bed-side, clinic, and home-health care nurses in exploring and promoting new, more unprecedented, patient and family-centered care models. Nurses at all levels of the health care continuum, should be planning for leadership roles. The more experienced nurses must mentor the nurse with less proficiency, show them the way. Nurse leaders should also sit on boards of health care organizations and sit on policy-making committees. As for me, I am not sure what the future holds for me. I think maybe I would stay a bedside nurse in an acute care hospital. That is what I have done for over twenty years and that is what I love doing. I see nursing becoming more involved in the evidence-based prevention policies. Finding new ways to assist patients in reducing disease and/or promoting health, once they go home. The bedside nurse would do more of the inter-agency care coordination, for example discharge planning. Nurses must be able to function and collaborate with multiple agencies in order to get the supplies and care a patient might need once they go home. References AmericaInstitute of Medicine. (2011). The future of nursing: Leading change, advancing health. Washington, DC: Cronenwett, Linda R. (09/01/2012). â€Å"Molding the future of advanced practice nursing 1.†. Nursing outlook (0029-6554), 60 (_5), 241. WNA working to advance the recommendations in the RWJF/IOM report: â€Å"the future of nursing: leading change, advancing health?†. Stat: Bulletin Of The Wisconsin Nurses Association [serial online]. June 2011;80(6)Available from: CINAHL Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed October 11, 2014. Retrieved from ISNA Bulletin Aug/Sep/Oct 2011 pg10 Independent Study Visioning the Future of Nursing: Analysis of the IOM/RWJ Foundation Report Nurse Leader Vol9 Issue6 Dec2011 pg30-32