Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) and Gulf Oil International (GOI)

Multi National Companies Gulf Oil International (GOI) and Abu Dhabi National Oil Company ((ADNOC) are two well known companies in the global industry of oil and gas. These are major multinational corporations which have specialization in the fields of oil exploration, oil production, oil supportive services, gas processing, oil refining, petrochemicals and other chemicals, refined oil products, maritime transportation as well as distribution of oil products (Hudson 367).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) and Gulf Oil International (GOI) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Gulf Oil International was formed way back in 1901 when oil was being discovered in quite a number of regions for instance at the Texas spindle top (Hudson 367). As it stands now, Gulf Oil International (GOI) is a well established oil and gas marketing company operating in many countries across the world. The co mpany has built its brand in the oil market as a leading dealer in oil and gas related products. Research has shown that the Gulf Oil International is envisioned with a sole mission of improving its oil brand and service delivery to all of its major markets across the world in a bid to have a sizeable share of the oil market (Bednar and lynn 59). However, it is imperative to note that there has been tough competition in the oil and gas industry and subsequently, this has led to stiff competition. On the other hand, it is worth noting that the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) was started in 1971 with a prime objective of nourishing itself in the gas and oil areas of the United Arab Emirates (Hudson 366). Policy formulation, implementation as well as general overseeing of the Abu Dhabi oil companies are done by the leader who is in charge of Abu Dhabi. In addition, other key regulators of the oil and gas industry in United Arab Emirates include the Supreme Petroleum Council (SPC ) and the UAE president (Hudson 367). In order to saturate the vast UAE region with its products, ADNOC has established numerous subsidiary companies which operate under its umbrella from different destinations. These subsidiary companies include the Al Hosn Gas, Elixier , ADNOC Distribution, ADNATCO-NGSCO, BOROUGE, FERTIL, FERTIL, ESNAAD, IRSHAD, TAKREER, NDC, TAKREER, NDC, ADMA-OPCO, GASCO as well as ADCO (Maloney 129). This paper is a detailed research finding done on industrial employment relations of the two aforementioned companies. It analyzes and makes a comparative study of the employee treatment in these two corporations namely the Gulf oil international and the Abu Dhabi National Oil Companies in relation to governments’ policies and rules in the United Arab Emirates.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kay (137) describes industrial relations as a broad field that studies the relationships between employers and employees in myriads of ways. In addition, industrial relations can also be termed as employment relations since it keenly deals with employment. This field deals with three aspects of employment contracts. These are ethics, solving problems in addition to social health. It seeks to improve the employment relationship between or among the concerned parties. Moreover, it instills policies and strategies to ensure high quality normative principles in the industrial and corporate sector (Seznec 100). Different organizations have different and diverse working arrangements that shape their employment relationship such as from structural attributes to employee communicating mechanisms at the work place. On the same note, formulation and implementation of company and national policies in regards to various places of work against the safety of employees also form integral part industrial relations. Mohammed and Ingo outline that employmen t relationships are greatly affected by employees’ nationalities (36). They point out that in most cases; foreign employees are not treated well as it is the case is with domestic employees (Mohammed and Ingo 364). Studies reveal that in certain nations, foreign workers are treated as lower citizens by the respective governments. They are forced to work without forming or joining unions that can champion for their rights. As a result, they are directly denied many civil liberties. Different multinational and local corporations have various ways and means of treating their workers. Bryant and Trevor posit that in the United Arab Emirates, there are several organizations which are characterized by employee discrimination (450). The authors are quite categorical that some workers who have foreign origins tend to suffer from abused terms of tenure while others are tormented by poor remuneration despite the fact that they work with successful companies (Bryant and Trevor 451). Eve ry government has a role of ensuring that there are good employment terms for all employees who work in any nation. The respective governments of countries which have full mandate on the labor force are supposed to cooperate to ensure that there are peaceful industrial relations among foreign employees (Bryant and Trevor 470).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) and Gulf Oil International (GOI) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As Bryant and Trevor point out, a government should make regulations that are realistic, monitor and enforce policies to propel ethical and universally acceptable relations between all employers and employees (449). In terms of employee treatment at Gulf Oil International (GOI), Amatucci and Grant explain that multinational companies need to ensure that they put undivided efforts in ensuring that employees from other countries are not discriminated (100). Research has shown that governments of UAE have embarked on ensuring that there are favorable job terms for all people from other countries as their numbers have continued to extrapolate (Amatucci and Grant 100). It is worth noting that so far, there have been no reported cases of abuse among laborers especially those who have foreign origin. The management team at GOI has been keen in treating all its employees equally. The company strives to keep all promises made to workers. In addition, they have established a chamber for all international workers to champion for their rights. This international union of gulf employees has the autonomy of operations and creates annual forums for employees to air their grievances to the company (Amatucci and Grant 100). Moreover, the leading oil and gas company revises the employment terms of tenure upon an application done by an employee through respective regional offices. All employees of GOI enjoy permanency of employment and are entitled to reviews of salary which are done at different times in different regions where the company operates. The company has been lauded for understanding the demerits of a high employee turnover. Therefore, it has embarked in the process of offers its employees training and a chance to improve their skills (Abdalla 875). This multinational company has an integrated health insurance scheme for all its employees. This covers both domestic workers and employees from other countries. The scheme caters for employees in all levels of the organization namely the managerial, technical, consultancy, low income earners and part timers.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In general, just like one of the managers explained, GOI values all its employees and all the traces of foreign worker poor relations are being eliminated through the use of special committees. Seznec points out that if multinationals have to achieve success within and outside the United Arab Emirates, then they have to treat their invaluable foreign labor force with extreme professionalism (105). In Abu Dhabi National oil company (ADNOC), it was found out that the company has a department of employee welfare. This wing of the company is a special tool for ensuring that all the employees can communicate easily and comfortably with their employer in all matters regarding the state of their employment. Throughout the United Arab Emirates, the company has employee welfare units which are controlled by the subsidiary companies. All employees in this company enjoy quite a number of liberties regardless of their countries of origin. They have an opportunity to get credit services from any financial institution which recognizes their employer. The company makes arrangements and pays the employees loans as it remits their salaries into their respective bank accounts. This research has revealed that Abu Dhabi Oil Company has an office that oversees the movement of all its workers who come from foreign countries. This office organizes and necessitates the flexibility of employee travel arrangements like flights in and out of the United Arab Emirates. This is achieved by the issue of special identification which is recognized by all relevant government authorities. As Abdalla (876) pointed out, every commercial company has a prime role of ensuring that its employees are catered for in the health system, Abu Dhabi has a nationwide insurance scheme that covers the health risks of all its employees. This health insurance plan has two broad branches namely the domestic policy for all people with an Arab origin and secondly, the international policy which caters for the worke rs from other nations and regions. The terms of tenure in Abu Dhabi are clearly outlined in the company’s policies for employees regardless of where they come from. All engineers, chief executive officers, managers and company consultants have permanent jobs and enjoy retirement benefits. The company has a good and standardized remuneration scheme which functions according to the legislations of the United Arab Emirates territory. In comparison, Bednar and Lynn depict that both the Gulf Oil International and the Abu Dhabi National Oil companies have put in place provisions to ensure that their employees are comfortable during their employment tenure (59). These companies are sensitive to the issue of immigrant employee discrimination. Although studies prove that some nations treat foreign workers as second class citizens, these two companies have established special mechanisms to detect and eliminate employee discrimination (Seznec 105). The employees of GOI and ADNOC are tre ated with respect since the companies have an understanding of the fact that human resource is the most unique and important of the six major elements of a production system (Raven 134). These companies provided worker welfare programs. These includes arrangement of travel for foreign employees, setting of accommodation destinations, tracking the health conditions of all employees and have departments which ensure that employees operate in clean and safe conditions. On a modern technological note, Gulf Oil International and the Abu Dhabi National Oil Companies have online quality assessment which involves the participation of all employees. This site is attached to the respective websites of the organizations and enables employees to make input in the area of industrial relations. It is a lee way for employees from all levels of employment to directly communicate to the executive boards. It is a government requirement that human civil rights and liberties should be respected irrespe ctive of the location of an individual (Seznec 105). The international community has instructed that all companies operating in different parts of the world should treat all employees in the most acceptable way (Seznec 105). Gulf Oil International and the Abu Dhabi National Oil companies are both lenient and portray optimal flexibility when dealing with immigrant employees. In terms of the roles governments play in setting ethical policies and rules, Seznec (105) points out that all forms of corrupt practices hikes the overall cost of production and leads to wastage of too much time as companies and government officials make efforts to normalize situations. All governments have a duty of setting procedures that promote the respect of the rule of law all over the world (Maloney 129). They should set well established bodies for ensuring efficiency and integrity in organizations. The United Arab Emirates community upholds the respect of employment terms and calls for competitive wages for all its workers. Governments also have a duty of encouraging all civil servants and citizens at large to participate in the fight against corrupt actions in the corporate world. The governments in the United Arab Emirates have established authorities which have oversight duties of monitoring all forms of policy breaches and proposing appellate solutions to problems in its economy (Seznec 98). These authorities have been protecting foreign workers from any form of mistreatment. In monitoring and enforcing policies and ethical regulations in UAE, governments have committees and special officers who enforce ethical standards and embody a sense of national trusteeship in the industrial society. They have a duty of receiving and analyzing all complaints from the members of the public in order to be able to assist them accordingly. The international community stipulates that governments should work directly in the business world in order to make it possible for it to smoothly monitor the enforcement of employment ethical policies and regulations (Kay 137). A government is supposed to be the demonstrator of the standard code of ethics that should be upheld in all industries. The government therefore should take all initial actions of protecting all employees from the policies and terms set by their employers. In order to enforce order and morality at work places, governments should influence enterprises without allowing them to influence them backwards. Abdalla identified the fact that some large organizations manage to manipulate the functioning of government (877). This happens in cases where there are biased civil officials who seek their own financial gains at the expense of the nation. Some offices give licenses which benefit some organizations over others. It is a government duty to identify and get rid of such flawed ways of doing work. In pointing out distinguishing and common characteristics and practices, it was found out that in Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC), there are several attributes and practices that make the big brand which has been achieved by the Abu Dhabi Oil Company. The company has undivided focus on being a leading service and goods provider in the oil and gas industry. This company has an aim of stimulating economic growth. This is being pursued through the pioneering of educational and research instructions in different parts of the region it operates. The company has established numerous institutions across the United Arab Emirates (Hudson 368). The company is also known for a culture of doing operations in a standard order which outsmarts other competing companies. They use a management style which has reengineered hard work across all subsidiary companies in the Middle East (Bednar and Lynn 59). In Gulf Oil International (GOI), Maloney (129) elaborates that Gulf oil international has fostered success and exemplary stability in the global oil and gas industry due to several factors. He points out that th e culture of displaying international business agility by the organization has a great influence of the excellence and success it has so far recorded (Maloney 129). The organization is well endorsed with the top and famous engineers and professors of the industrial exploration, harvesting, production of oil, gas and other petroleum products. On top of all these, Gulf oil international has portrayed efficient use of modern information technology in all the nations they inhabit. The company has bought Maloney’s (129) idea that information is the key to commercial success in today’s digital age. These two companies have several common characteristics and practices In adherence to the international labor laws, both the Gulf Oil International and the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company have put in place policies to cater for the welfare of their employees. Studies prove that international employers in UAE have become more sensitive to the demands of their migrant workers (Malone y 129). The two companies have periodical revisions and reviews of their employee’s salaries. They cater for the primary employment needs of each and every individual foreign worker (Maloney 129). The Gulf Oil International has constructed special residential places for its employees while Abu Dhabi on the other hand has agents which arrange for the accommodation of its workers. Both Gulf Oil International Company and the Abu Dhabi National Oil company have prioritized the wellbeing of all employees they work with. They have a chief goal of keeping their workforce mentally, physically and psychologically fit in order to obtain optimum services from them. These multinationals have intentionally set forums for workers to bring out their compliments, complaints and recommendations. An open and healthy relationship between employer and employee is the fuel needed for the efficiency and profitability of a company to be profitable (Mohammed and Ingo 364). These oil and gas companie s have a lot of foreign workers. They have developed a culture of executing random investigations and evaluations to gauge the state of how different offices treat all employees. All the claims of exploitation and discrimination are abruptly done away with through professional resolution of all misunderstandings at the work place. In conclusion, this theoretical research study brings out a clear picture on how GOI and ADNOC operate as multi nationals in the oil and gas industry. It is quite evident that these two companies have done relatively well as far as immigrant employee treatment is concerned. They have incorporated the governments’ specified standards of industrial employment relations. This has been a key factor for the success they have attained. Works Cited Abdalla, Kathleen. â€Å"The changing structure of the international oil industry: Implications for OPEC.† Energy Policy 23.10 (1995): 871-877. Print. Amatucci, Frances and John, Grant. â€Å"Eight strat egic decisions that weakened Gulf Oil.† Long Range Planning 26.1 (1993): 98-110. Print. Bednar, Deborah and Godkin, Lynn. â€Å"An Exploratory, Longitudinal Study of Factors Influencing Development of a Networked Company.† Information Resources  Management Journal 22.3 (2009): 40-63. Print. Bryant, Murray and Hunter, Trevor. â€Å"BP and public issues (mis)management.† Ivey Business Journal Online (2010): 400-467. Print. Kay, Gilbert. â€Å"Promises and practices: job evaluation and equal pay forty years on!† Industrial Relations Journal 43.2 (2012): 137- 151. Print. Hudson, Michael. â€Å"The Middle East in Flux.† Current History 110.740 (2011): 364- 369. Print. Raven, John. â€Å"Emiratizing the education sector in the UAE: contextualization and challenges.† Education, Business and Society: Contemporary Middle Eastern  Issues 4.2 (2011): 134-149. Print. Maloney, Suzanne. â€Å"The Gulf’s Renewed Oil Wealth: Getting it Right This Time?† Survival 50.6 (2008): 129-145. Print. Mohammed, Al-Waqfi and Forstenlechner, Ingo. â€Å"Stereotyping of citizens in an expatriate-dominated labour market :Implications for workforce localisation policy. † Employee Relations 32.4 (2010): 360-381. Print. Seznec, Jean. â€Å"The gulf sovereign wealth funds: myths and reality.† Middle East Policy 15.2 (2008): 97-110. Print. This essay on Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) and Gulf Oil International (GOI) was written and submitted by user Aaden Dillard to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Start your website in 3 steps

Start your website in 3 steps How to Start your Website from Scratch Introducing: a step-by-step guide on how to make a website from the ground up without a degree in programming or any knowledge of coding and design. Tune in! Get a domain name for your website First thing first, you need to come up with a name for your site that won’t be too tricky to find for your target audience. Usually, the cost for domain names starts from $10 and gets as high as $35 if you buy them at a certified registrar. Once you pay for it, you get the right to own your name for a year, and if you want to secure your ownership for the next years to come, you pay the same fee per annum. But if this sounds crazy to you, there’s also an option to get your domain name for free. When it comes to making up a good name, most of them can be already taken, especially in the product industry. So if you really want to be allocated a particular name, but it’s already reserved, try to add â€Å"-† or digits to it and see if it is available. Choose a web host Selecting a web host is basically like renting an office for business but on the Internet; it’s a platform that connects you to other computers on the Internet and lets them find you. Before you invest your money in the host, consider which one will fit your needs the best, a free web host, or a commercial one; they generally differ but have similar overlaps. Let’s take a closer look at both options. A free web host is unmistakably the best solution for those who are on the budget and looking for cheaper deals. However, there’s a price you pay for getting your host for free. Pros: FREE Cons: Impose advertising Limited web space Single site builder option File type size limitations Questionable reliability and speed Limited data transfer Here’s what’s the deal with commercial web hosts - they are far more reliable, but they also can be surprisingly tricky to work with. Pros: Reliable Fast Near-Unlimited Bandwidth More Web Space Technical Support Support for Various Scripts SSL Option Cons: Hefty price tag Create Design After you’ve saddled your website with a domain name and host provider, your next step, not as unimportant, is to make a smashing design, or at least the one that your clients will be pleased with. The easiest way to complete this step would be to hire a decent web designer, but if it’s not what you can afford, then keep on reading! As a beginner, you just need to get something out onto your page to at least frame your website. Later, you can fine-tune your design or redo the whole thing for the sake of your clients. To start making your custom design, you can choose one of the WYSIWYG ("What You See Is What You Get") web editors. The range is huge; ones are great if you are using Windows PC, others have a better view of mobile design and guide you through this process. Conclusion Cost-wise starting up a website isn’t such an expensive thing until you know how to arrange a good deal. While the research will still take much of your time - the actual amount of time you’ll spend setting up your website can be less than 1 hour!

The 'colored revolutions' of Eastern Europe and their success factors Essay

The 'colored revolutions' of Eastern Europe and their success factors - Essay Example The egalitarian revolutions of 1989 in Central and Eastern Europe have been labeled as the conclusion of the "third wave" of worldwide democratization that instigated in Spain and Portugal in the mid-1970s. It is certainly alluring to see the breakdown of the Soviet territory as segment of a universal disintegration of autocracies. This opinion surely prejudiced how the democratic changeover in Eastern and Central Europe has been observed in the West (as the "end of history") as well as by some of its characters. Ten years after, nonetheless, even with widespread Western exertions at democracy advancement, the democratic current has rather withdrawn, leaving a depiction of accomplishments in Central Europe (along with in Latin America and fragments of Asia) counterbalance by hindrances in the earlier Soviet Union and the Balkans (but similarly in China and most of Africa) (Jacques, 2000). Body The examination of the consequences of domestic changes for the local system of international dealings should take place from the implication of the main factors and procedures, which formed the post-soviet space design in the last decade. The first amongst these is the procedure of state and nation-structuring in the Afresh Independent States. Fresh political leaders in the previous Soviet states had a particular image of their state-projects which, as a law, protected Euro-Atlantic ambitions and, in reality, detached relations with Russia as well collaboration in the post-Soviet region from the list of primacies in their foreign policy schedules. Secondly, these objectives, along with the fluctuations in Europe and its boundary, stemmed in the participation of outside troupes in the post-soviet district - US, EU, NATO, and the Western European countries, and, some local actors, i.e. Poland, Turkey, China, , etc. The third actor in the post-Soviet district was Russia, which was sign ificantly annoyed by the appearance by the above-mentioned influences in its Immediate Abroad, as Moscow had its own fairly dissimilar vision for the expansion of this region (Samokhvalov, 2005). Examination of the second upsurge of democratic evolution in Eastern and Central Europe’s â€Å"color revolutions† has inclined to emphasize on fundamental variables such as district dispersion, leadership policy, and popular demonstration. However it may be imprecise to label the post-communist dictatorial throughputs the area has seen as part of a â€Å"surge†; elongated-term variables such as state and event capability and the power of a country’s association to the West may apprehended shed light on why certain nations have observed such revolutions whereas others have not (Way, 2008). The discussion on the color revolutions is mainly about the comparative significance credited to dispersion versus certain main operational factors. Amongst these features is t he amount and influence of Western force, which fluctuates subject to the degree of connection to Western Europe as well as the United States. In the stumpy-association previous Soviet states, domestic powers—particularly, the strong suit of the mandatory state and political party—

Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Disease - Essay Example The primary meaning is that these are representative of continually surfacing contagions reacting to speedy changes in the association between host and the pathogens. Current literature has identified that there are almost 1, 400 species of human pathogens. Almost 60 percent of these pathogens are zoonotic. This implies that almost 60 percent of the pathogens are infections that are transmitted between humans and vertebrates. In reference to Woolhouse et al (2012), emerging and re-emerging pathogens are most probable to be zoonotic. Viruses form a majority of this group. In addition, viruses with RNA sequences constitutes a third of all emerging and re-emerging contagions. Emergent pathogens are characteristically those with a wide host variety ranging across numerous mammalian animals. In the contemporary world, in spite of the exceptional progresses towards development of steps to counter the development of the infectious illnesses, the increased global mutuality, increased world t ravel and climate change have contributed deposits of complication to controlling and containing these contagious diseases that not only have an impact on an individual’s health but also a nation’s economy. ... Remarkably, most of the illnesses originate from animals such as rodents and bats, as shown by the presence of Nipah virus encephalitis, lassa fever and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (Howard & Fletcher, 2012). Current interest in emerging contagions has centered on three primary fields. First, it has centered on how the interaction of the environment, human societal pressures and climate can cause unanticipated outbursts of emergent illnesses. Second, it has centered on the apprehension on how viruses can be transmitted from a reservoir to a host, and thirdly on recognizing the elements of the illness process that present opportunities for treatment and prevention. Drivers of Emerging Viral Diseases in Humans i. Animals that act as reservoirs of Human diseases Many emerging illnesses arise when transferable agents in animals are passed to people. The advent of agriculture 10, 000 years ago was one of the primary factors that contributed to the rise of majority of the infections in th e present world. Agricultural activities drove people near wild animals and livestock. Notably, people put establishments in these regions (Lashley $ Durham, 2007). This offered a fertile ground for the transmission of infections from the animals to humans. Among the mammalian species, members that make up Muridae family have been the natural hosts of Hantaviruses and arenaviruses. The mamals reproduce faster and increase the population’s exposure and risk to the pathogens. Additionally, domestic livestock have also contributed to the spread and emergence of virus infections. For instance, pigs have been associated with numerous outbursts of emerging infections. A total number of 265 cases of viral infections

The Sociology of Mental Illness

The Sociology of Mental Illness Within this report I aim to outline the biomedical model, investigating whether it can be used to assess mental illness. I will compare both social realism and social constructionism with regards to mental illness and assess the role of the psychiatric profession from the viewpoint of functionalist theory. Firstly, the biomedical model is the scientific diagnosis of a condition which is reached by quantitative and qualitative measures, often disregarding psychological and sociological factors. That being said, can the biomedical model of health really measure a persons mental health? Many mental health issues often have un measurable (scientifically) factors and symptoms, often having blurred lines between a common set of factors; making it hard to distinguish between a select group of illness.   In 1952 the American psychiatric association published the D.S.M. (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) which clearly outlined the symptoms and effects of a range of mental illness. Since its first publication, the D.S.M. has grown from featuring 22 mental disorders, to overviewing over 297 diagnosable issues. While there are no standardized medical laboratory tests to diagnose mental health issues (bar those classed as organic AND functional mental illness, which derive from brain impairment such as Alzheimers etc.), these will come into play during diagnosis to ensure there is no other causation for the patients symptoms. In theory these investigative measures can be argued to be the biomedical involvement for the diagnosis (in respect to solely functional mental illness such as depression etc.). The key players now would be the psychologist, psychiatrist and trained mental health professionals who are medically equipped to diagnose such issues. While the biomedical approach focuses itself on science and the causations being objective and measurable, the theory of lay opinion coverts the ideology of social construction, economical factors and social conformity. Lay opinion focuses on behavioural patterns and socio-economical input upon a persons life, and the subsequent impact these have upon their mental state. This theoretical approach can be seen as highly influential when determining a service users mental state, the practitioners diagnosis being based upon observations of an individuals behavioural characteristics which correlate to the D.S.M and I.C.D. (international classification of diseases). Again, despite the highly theoretical methodology which leads to diagnosis, within these methods we see standardized tests and assessments, which can in fact be construed as scientific as they set about to differentiate between normal and abnormal using a standardized set of questions and observational directives. There are arguments from either side as to the theoretical basis of psychiatry, on one hand Thomas Szasz famously quoted Its not science. Its politics and economics. Thats what psychiatry is: politics and economics. Behavior control, it is not science, it is not medicineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (cchrint.org, 2017) Szasz believed that the practice of psychiatry was wholly influenced by the state, creating a mass of quacks diagnosing with free reign. He argued that there were two radically different kinds of psychiatric practices, consensual and coerced, voluntarily sought and forcibly imposed. (Szasz.com, 2007) his concept was that psychiatry based itself upon the principle of interpretation and social conformity or a service users behaviour. As mentioned before questions of coercion and imposition upon a patient undergoing assessment take the forefront in Szasz arguments, giving his ideals a typically Marxist approach. More recently the newest edition of the D.S.M. came under fire from the ps ychiatric community with a number of high-profile articles by Professor Allen Francesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. (that) highlighted changes to the manual that he argued were examples of over-medicalisation of mental health. These changes included: Aspergers syndrome, Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, Mild cognitive disorder, Generalised anxiety disorder and Major depressive disorder (NHS, 2013). While all arguments for the objective and subjective thesis of psychiatry have their merits, it can be argued that psychiatry as a whole can ONLY be deemed subjective as it uses no scientific model of approach to diagnosis, merely perception, opinion and guidance from the D.S.M and I.C.D. to decipher traits and categorize symptoms. The social realism perspective defines mental illness and the diagnosis of, as having a defined set of abnormal behavioural patterns which can be definitively seen across cultures and societies. Realists argue that despite the fact some illnesses are not recognized or share a common name, the symptoms and actual condition are very much real and observable. That being said, on the other hand we have the perspective of social construction, where by its theorists argue that mental illness is determined by social norms and values. For instance, the mental impairment of post-natal depression. Social realists would argue that the definitive set of symptoms being displayed by the suffering party, would be enough to determine effect. Constructionists however would argue that the individual could be presenting these symptoms due to their social environment and ideologies of social norms. Due to the nature of the illness, and its unpredictable effect on the individual either of these theories could be applied. Because of the set of diagnosable characteristics and cross society definition, realists could argue that despite its irregularity surrounding time frame, its cause and eventual effect can be clearly categorised without outside input. That being said, constructionists can argue that the illness is purely defined by social perception of norms. As the illness can take shape both instantaneously and over a prolonged period of time, the cause and effect could actually be influenced by sociological and environmental issues experienced by the individual, causing stress and ultimately the effects and symptoms of post-natal depression to take hold. The functionalist view of the psychiatric role is one of great social standing and status within the community and society as a whole. Due to their organizational position and social hierarchy, they, as a medical professional, hold great stature and ranking within the framework of functionalist society. Because functionalism bases itself on the premise that each key part (the church, institutions, the family) work together to keep society running smoothly, deriving its ideologies from social consensus; it is their view that the role of the psychiatrist is primarily motivated by the desire to heal the sick (Moore et al, 2010) Because functionalism focuses on categorising mental and physical illness as social deviances due to the upset of balance and roles, they put great importance on the timely rehabilitation and re conformation of individuals. They view the rehabilitation of individuals as necessary coercion so as not to upset social structure. As psychiatrists hold the key to diagnosis of mental health and subsequent re conformity of an individual to social norms, a great precedence is put upon their work. References   Ã‚   Jeffrey A. Schaler, Ph.D defining psychiatry, [2007] available at: http://www.szasz.com/freeman21.html accessed 20/1/17 Moore, S. et al sociology AS for OCR chapter 5 sociology of health page 172, Collins, London, [2010] NHS Choices news analysis: controversial mental health guide DSM-5, [2013] available at: http://www.nhs.uk/news/2013/08August/Pages/controversy-mental-health-diagnosis-and-treatment-dsm5.aspx accessed 20/1/17 Professor Thomas Szasz Psychiatry as a Human Rights Abuse, [2017]   avaliable at: https://www.cchrint.org/about-us/co-founder-dr-thomas-szasz/quotes-on-psychiatry-as-a-human-rights-abuse/ accessed 20/1/17

Future of Nursing Essay

The career of nursing (Registered Nurse, Licensed Vocational Nurse, and advanced practice nurse) has more than three million working affiliates. Nurses are the predominant portion of the healthcare personnel. There are multiple barriers that stand in the way of nurses’ being able to react quickly to the ever-evolving health care field and changing health care organizations. In 2008, The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) and the IOM (Institute of Medicine) started a group process that took two years to look at these needs, looking to evaluate and modify the nursing occupation. The findings show that 1 ) nurses- need to perform to the all-inclusive expanse of their schooling and achievements. 2) nurses- need to commit to reach the most prestigious levels of education and training through a refined educational network that advocates consistent advancement through academia. 3 ) nurses- need to endeavor to be fully engaged with physicians and other health care experts, in moder nizing/rejuvenating the health care organization in the United States. 4) Efficient labor pool planning and strategy making needs better collection of data and framework of information. Nursing students should have on their school curriculum that teaches them the capabilities that are compulsory for uninterrupted furtherance of the characteristics and safety of the systems that make up a health care organization, patient-oriented care, partnership and coordination with other agencies (Berwick, Cronenwett, Tanner 2011). The student nurses’ need expert skill to grasp and knowledge and understanding of human anatomy and physiology, psychology, and a working comprehension in clinical, social, and behavioral sciences (Berwick 2011). They need working  skills and methods in order to be competent in leadership and management roles. (Berwick 2011). Student nurses will need capabilities in the new patient care conveyance framework that is on the horizon. Need a working knowledge in community health/illness and community based patient care. (Tanner 2011). They will need to know how to distribute patient care with other patient care modalities for appropriate patient care (Tilden 2011). The future nurse will need to have skills based on unchanging science prerequisite courses (Dracup, Tanner 2011). Health care policy knowledge, skills, and beliefs will need to be taught (Tilden 2011). Abilities related to unfolding health care needs will need to be fostered. For example: the elderly population (Tanne r 2011). They will need to accept technology-immersed education, multifaceted approach to patient care. Universities and colleges will need to come up with a plan that will make sure that the number and the equal allocation of new Registered Nurses who have graduated from their institutions with a baccalaureate degree or higher in nursing should be greatly increased (Aiken, Cronenwett 2011). Society should embrace community colleges/ universities that have affiliations, they may increase AND graduates that would complete a BSN degree if given encouragement, and could get it completed within a certain timeframe. (Dracup, Tanner 2011). The post-graduate residency programs will need to develop and test clinical education models that would include post-graduate intern and residency programs in appropriate facilities. (Tanner 2011). What the faculty members of the future need to be on the look-out 1) look for a person that has the bedrock for a nomination and appointment to faculty and promotion, including recognition of practice-based accomplishments, including working toward bettering healthcare (Berwick, Dracup, Cronenwett 2011). This person, who can, during their working life, move easily between practice (patient care), and academia (Gilliss 2011). The person, who within a short time span, has obtained a BSN, then a Doctoral degree (Aiken, Dracup 2011). The person must maintain professional certification and/or clinical proficiency (Gilliss 2011). This person builds working relationships with teachers and staff in other occupations. (medicine, engineering, business, public health, and  law). (Gilliss 2011). The person must take time to advance his/her education using two or more professions and foster cooperative practice furnishing patient-centered care (Dracup, Tilden 2011). Society needs to make sure that the universities produce a commensurate number of nurse practitioners (NP’s) for primary care roles at a time when access to health care will most likely increase the general public’s need for primary care providers (Cronenwett, Gilliss 2011). Universities will need to change their course of study in nursing education that has come about secondary to the advances made in nursing science and practice. These changes are guided by breakthroughs made in science (Tanner 2011). Universities will need to continue to state specialist preparation is needed for Master’s program level, and advance Post-Masters DNP education. At this time, requirements for Nurse Scientists interested in translational research needs to be clarified- will a DNP and a PhD both be needed in order to be able to follow through and become a researcher? The older population age averages, those who have chronic illnesses, added to the fast-moving science and technology fields, plus the blurred lines between medicine and nursing, creates a level of unpredictability to the health care scene. It is reasonable to expect a more educated health care team to care for these patients. Research has shown that hospitals that have a larger proportion of BSN bedside nurses, have a lower patient mortality/death (JAMA 1999). There is some research evidence that has shown BSN nurses are more cost-effective. Evidence is encour aging in showing that a more highly balanced BSN labor pool might allow for a smaller staff without negatively affecting patient end results. In the ambulatory out-patient care clinic setting, there is strong research-based evidence that shows that nurses with advanced degrees, usually a masters, can provide patient care with patient conclusions that are comparable to that of a Medical Doctors in some areas, like that of pain control and patient satisfaction. The cost for care is lower, also. Griffiths 2010)(Horrocks 2002). The evidence shows that the increased number of advanced degree  nurses practicing has improved admittance to general patient care. (Aiken 2009). Advanced nurses staff ambulatory care clinics and see approximately three million patients a year. Nurse Practitioners also staff Community Health Centers. The Role of Nursing Organizations to Nurse Leaders: The American Organization of Nurse Executives (AONE), states that the BSN is the minimal degree for nurses in leadership roles. Nurse leaders in a supervisory leadership role should seek education at a doctoral level. The IOM recommends lifelong learning for nurses. Nurse leaders need to help and assist as needed bed-side, clinic, and home-health care nurses in exploring and promoting new, more unprecedented, patient and family-centered care models. Nurses at all levels of the health care continuum, should be planning for leadership roles. The more experienced nurses must mentor the nurse with less proficiency, show them the way. Nurse leaders should also sit on boards of health care organizations and sit on policy-making committees. As for me, I am not sure what the future holds for me. I think maybe I would stay a bedside nurse in an acute care hospital. That is what I have done for over twenty years and that is what I love doing. I see nursing becoming more involved in the evidence-based prevention policies. Finding new ways to assist patients in reducing disease and/or promoting health, once they go home. The bedside nurse would do more of the inter-agency care coordination, for example discharge planning. Nurses must be able to function and collaborate with multiple agencies in order to get the supplies and care a patient might need once they go home. References AmericaInstitute of Medicine. (2011). The future of nursing: Leading change, advancing health. Washington, DC: Cronenwett, Linda R. (09/01/2012). â€Å"Molding the future of advanced practice nursing 1.†. Nursing outlook (0029-6554), 60 (_5), 241. WNA working to advance the recommendations in the RWJF/IOM report: â€Å"the future of nursing: leading change, advancing health?†. Stat: Bulletin Of The Wisconsin Nurses Association [serial online]. June 2011;80(6)Available from: CINAHL Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed October 11, 2014. Retrieved from ISNA Bulletin Aug/Sep/Oct 2011 pg10 Independent Study Visioning the Future of Nursing: Analysis of the IOM/RWJ Foundation Report Nurse Leader Vol9 Issue6 Dec2011 pg30-32

Writing Dissertation - the Conspiracy

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